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|bgcolor="#FFFFCC"| Probably slow, due to comparison with monogastric species.
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC"| Probably slow, due to comparison with monogastric species.
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==Acute diarrhoea of the young, newly acquired rabbit==
This is associated with dysbiosis of the caecum and may be compounded with installation of, for example, ''E. coli, Clostridia, Salmonella, Yersinia'' spp.
Treatment with appropriate antibiotic (administered parenterally), fluids, antispamodics, analgesics, warmth.
In young specimens, especially at or soon after weaning, the subject is usually found depressed often to the point of coma with slightly cyanosed extremities (due to the fur this may be visible only in the ears, on the muzzle, and around the vent). The doe is usually perfectly normal. Muco-gelatinous faeces are frequently observed in which significant levels of coccidial oocysts or nematode eggs may or may not be found. The strong likelihood of the presence of the ubiquitous ''Pasteurella multocida'' together with the poorly developed and compromised immune system of the juvenile animal must be consid¬ered and the owner given a poor prognosis.
These animals are usually badly dehydrated so the subject is immediately hospitalised in a warm cage (no higher than 25°C under an overhead infra-red lamp) and 50 – 100 ml warm Hartmann's Fluid are administered by intraperitoneal injection together with suitable antibiotic cover (in the absence of antibiotic sensitivities, I use metronidazole (an unauthorised product, a 0.5% infusion, is available from Millpledge) and hyoscine/dipyrone (Buscopan Compositum; Boehringer Ingleheim). Care should be taken not to mix these analgesics with NSAID's for fear of toxicity but other analgesics (opioids) may be used instead. The danger of using hyoscine is that there could be some intestinal immotility which could lead to more absorption of toxins from the gut. Consideration should be given to the use of xylazine as a visceral analgesic. Parenteral oxytetracycline (Engemycin 5%; Intervet) 72 hrs should be given to cover against endemic pasteurellosis and can be used simultaneously with metronidazole.
The animal is kept in the warm environment until recovery is clinically evident. Hydration is maintained (at least 50 ml/kg daily in divided doses, of either warmed Hartmann's Solution intraperitoneally or a solution of Liquid Lectade® (Pfizer) diluted 1:11.5 in potable water and administered by stomach tube). Probiotics (I use Avipro made by Vetark, in spite of little evidence in the literature that Lactobacillus is a commensal of the normal rabbit caecum) are useful because the rabbits often appreciate the taste and thereby take in adequate amounts of oral fluids. The use of antimicrobials and intensive care (fluids etc) may be extended for up to four days at the clinician's discretion (or the client's direction which is often based on economic exigencies) but if there is going to be any improvement it will usually occur within the first twenty-four hours.
The prognosis for this syndrome must be very guarded especially if clostridial entertoxaemia or viral, enteric infections or protozoal infestations are involved. Microbiological examination of faeces will help to identify the secondary infections, but the urgency of the case, especially as it frequently presents in the newly acquired pet, often precludes such procedures. Spirochaetes have been incriminated in one outbreak of fatal enteritis in a colony of young rabbits (Tribe et al 1989). Readers will be aware that the growth of Clostridium species requires anaerobic conditions (Carman et al 1983).