Changes

To establish the cause nasopharangeal swabs or broncho-alveolar lavage can be undertaken and examined for bacteria, viruses or mycoplasma.

To establish the cause nasopharangeal swabs or broncho-alveolar lavage can be undertaken and examined for bacteria, viruses or mycoplasma.

Fluorescent antibody tests can be used to detect viral causes.

Fluorescent antibody tests can be used to detect viral causes. Paired serum samples will also show recent exposure to a viral pathogen. Additionally Post mortem exam can confirm the presence of certain pathogens.

 

Paired serum samples will also show recent exposure to a viral pathogen.

 

Post mortem exam can confirm the presence of certain pathogens.

   

   

==Pathology==

==Pathology==

===Gross pathology===  

===Gross pathology===  

Consolidation of the cranioventral lung areas which increases in volume with duration.

Consolidation of the cranioventral lung areas will be present which increases in volume with duration of disease.

Exudate is present in the main airway of affected lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue

Exudate is present in the main airway of affected lung lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue.

===Micro pathology===  

===Micro pathology===  

Even to proper follicle formation, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen.

Even to proper follicle formation is present, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen.

A Mixed cell exudate will be present in the airway lumen and substantial lymphoid tissue will be present around the airways. The alveolar walls may be thickened with lymphocytes.

A Mixed cell exudate will be present in the airway lumen and substantial lymphoid tissue will be present around the airways. The alveolar walls may be thickened with lymphocytes.

==Treatment and Control==

==Treatment and Control==

Once a diagnosis has been made as to the likely causative organisms a number of management issues on the farm must be addessed.  These include ensuring each calf ingests enough good quality colostrum, good nutrition, stress management, good housing, and other management of any concurrent diseases. Additionally group sizes should be assessed and ideally no more than 20 calves per group. Animals shoul be kept in groups of the same age and should not share airspace with adult cattle.  If this is not possible animals should be arranged with the air flowing from youngest to oldest. Isolation/ hospital pens should be available to prevent spread of disease and to ensure affeced animals are cared for correctly.  

Once a diagnosis has been made as to the likely causative organisms a number of management issues on the farm must be addessed.  These include ensuring each calf ingests enough good quality colostrum, good nutrition, stress management, good housing, and other management of any concurrent diseases. Additionally group sizes should be assessed and ideally no more than 20 calves should be housed per group. Animals shoul be kept in groups of the same age and should not share airspace with adult cattle.  If this is not possible animals should be arranged with the air flowing from youngest to oldest. Isolation/ hospital pens should be available to prevent spread of disease and to ensure affeced animals are cared for correctly.  

Additionally  once causative organisms have been identified vaccination programmes can also be put in place

Additionally  once causative organisms have been identified vaccination programmes can also be put in place

for cows 4 weeks pre-partum to improve colostral antibodies that the calves will recieve.

for cows 4 weeks pre-partum to improve colostral antibodies that the calves will recieve.