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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = Hypoderman spp.
|name = Hypoderman spp.
|kingdom = Animalia
|kingdom = Animalia
|phylum = Arthropoda
|phylum = [[:Category:Arthropods|Arthropoda]]
|class = [[Insecta]]
|class = [[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|sub-class =
There are two important ''Hypoderma ssp.'' found in cattle, namely; ''H. bovis'' and ''H. lineatum''. ''H. diana'' is also a parasite of clinical significance, affecting the deer population.
There are two important ''Hypoderma ssp.'' found in cattle, namely; ''H. bovis'' and ''H. lineatum''. ''H. diana'' is also a parasite of clinical significance, affecting the deer population.
=='''Hypoderma bovis'''==
==''Hypoderma bovis''==
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| Also known as:
| '''Warble fly
| '''Warble fly<br>Nothern cattle grub
<br>
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Identification==
===Identification===
''H. bovis'' are 15mm in length, and have a bumble-bee appearance. The abdomen is yellow, and there is a band of black hairs located down the middle. This parasite is of the family [[Oestridae]].
''H. bovis'' are 15mm in length, and have a bumble-bee appearance. The abdomen is yellow, and there is a band of black hairs located down the middle. This parasite is of the family [[Oestridae]].
==Life Cycle==
===Life Cycle===
''H. bovis'' lays single eggs on hairs around the lower legs of the host. The larvae develop and enter the body through the skin, where they migrate to the epidural fat found along the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of the spine. The larvae stay here for the duration of the winter.
''H. bovis'' lays single eggs on hairs around the lower legs of the host. The larvae develop and enter the body through the skin, where they migrate to the epidural fat found along the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of the spine. The larvae stay here for the duration of the winter.
The larvae are palpable as distinct swellings, known as warbles.
The larvae are palpable as distinct swellings, known as warbles.
=='''Hypoderma lineatum'''==
==''Hypoderma lineatum''==
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| Also known as:
| '''Warble fly
| '''Warble fly<br>Common cattle grub<br>Heel fly
<br>
<br>
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Identification==
===Identification===
''H. lineatum'' are 13mm in length, and like ''H. bovis'' have a bee-like appearance.
''H. lineatum'' are 13mm in length, and like ''H. bovis'' have a bee-like appearance.
==Life Cycle==
===Life Cycle===
The eggs are laid in rows of around 6 on single hairs. The eggs then penetrate the skin and move along the connective tissue toward the diaphragm. They will continue to migrate, until they reach the oesophagus where the larvae will spend the duration of the winter. After 3 months larvae reach '''winter resting sites''' where they remain from November to February/March whilst moulting to the L2 stage.
The eggs are laid in rows of around 6 on single hairs. The eggs then penetrate the skin and move along the connective tissue toward the diaphragm. They will continue to migrate, until they reach the oesophagus where the larvae will spend the duration of the winter. After 3 months larvae reach '''winter resting sites''' where they remain from November to February/March whilst moulting to the L2 stage.
Adult flies emerge on warm, sunny days between '''June and August'''. The adult lives for around 3 weeks.
Adult flies emerge on warm, sunny days between '''June and August'''. The adult lives for around 3 weeks.
=='''Hypoderma diana'''==
==''Hypoderma diana''==
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|}
|}
==Identification==
===Identification===
The adult ''H. diana'' is around 15mm in length and like both ''H. bovis'' and ''H. lineatum''.
The adult ''H. diana'' is around 15mm in length and like both ''H. bovis'' and ''H. lineatum''.
==Life Cycle==
===Life Cycle===
The adults have a short life-span, and do not feed. Eggs are laid on the legs and lower body of the host. Larvae crawl down the hairs, and begin migration through the skin. The larvae burrow along the spinal cord, and send the winter in the epidural fat of the spine around the thoracic and lumbar region.
The adults have a short life-span, and do not feed. Eggs are laid on the legs and lower body of the host. Larvae crawl down the hairs, and begin migration through the skin. The larvae burrow along the spinal cord, and send the winter in the epidural fat of the spine around the thoracic and lumbar region.
The migration is then initiated in the spring and warbles then begin to form along the back of the host.
The migration is then initiated in the spring and warbles then begin to form along the back of the host.
[[Category:Oestridae]]
[[Category:Oestridae]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]