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Category:Secondary Immunodeficiency (view source)
Revision as of 14:05, 12 August 2010
, 14:05, 12 August 2010Created page with "*There are many causes of secondary immunodeficiency **Most deficiencies are not genetic **Most are agent-induced, such as from X-ray radiation and immunosuppressive drugs ===V..."
*There are many causes of secondary immunodeficiency
**Most deficiencies are not genetic
**Most are agent-induced, such as from X-ray radiation and immunosuppressive drugs
===Viral Causes===
====Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)====
[[Image:FeLV Electron Micrograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|FeLV Electron Micrograph [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library] Image #5610]]
[[Image:Kinetics of FeLV 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Kinetics of FeLV - Copyright Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS]]
*Oncogenic retrovirus
*Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]])
*2 strains:
**FeLV-A
***Natural strain
**FeLV-B
***Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome
***Increases the risks of lymphoma
**FeLV-C
***Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A
***Is more myelosuppressive
*Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue
*Shed in saliva
*Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming
*Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
*60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover
*Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
*Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
*Diagnosis:
**ELISA
**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
**Western Blot
**Virus Isolation
**Immunofluorescence
**PCR
*Treatment:
**Antibiotics for secondary infection
**Anti-retroviral therapy
*For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
====Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)====
*Lentivirus
*Subtypes A, B and D
*Causes increased susceptibility to infections and neoplasia
*Specifically destroys [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|CD4+ T cells]]
*Virus is present in saliva, blood and other bodily fluids
*Feral and outdoor cats (mostly tom cats) are most at risk
*Virus replicates in lymphoid tissue
*Can remain asymptomatic
*Causes pyrexia and lymphadenopathy
*Transmitted by biting
*Diagnosis:
**ELISA
**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
**Western Blot
**Virus Isolation
**Immunofluorescence
**PCR
*Treatment:
**Antibiotics for secondary infection
**Anti-retroviral therapy
*For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
====Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV)====
*Lentivirus (non-oncogenic)
*Causes a persistent viral infection and lymphocytosis
*Immunocompromised cattle may develop secondary infections
*The transmission is not well known, but the following possibilities are being researched:
**Through milk
**Through infected semen (e.g.artificial insemination)
**Placental transfer
*Diagnosis:
**Western Blot
**PCR
===Toxic Causes===
*Poisons
===Iatrogenic Causes===
*Drugs
**Corticosteroids
**Cyclosporin
**Cytotoxic cancer therapy
===Other Causes===
*Malnutrition
*Chronic disease
*Stress
*Senescence
[[Category:Immunodeficiencies]]
**Most deficiencies are not genetic
**Most are agent-induced, such as from X-ray radiation and immunosuppressive drugs
===Viral Causes===
====Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)====
[[Image:FeLV Electron Micrograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|FeLV Electron Micrograph [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library] Image #5610]]
[[Image:Kinetics of FeLV 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Kinetics of FeLV - Copyright Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS]]
*Oncogenic retrovirus
*Causes neoplasia (lymphoma), myelosuppression (anaemia) and immunosuppression (of [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]])
*2 strains:
**FeLV-A
***Natural strain
**FeLV-B
***Formed through FeLV-A recombining with endogenous retroviral sequences in the feline genome
***Increases the risks of lymphoma
**FeLV-C
***Formed from the spontaneous mutation of FeLV-A
***Is more myelosuppressive
*Virus replicates in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue causing a viraemia (virus circulating in the bloodstream) which then spreads to the systemic lymphoid tissue
*Shed in saliva
*Passed by oronasal route, e.g. mutual grooming
*Kittens between 6 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
*60% of cats will become immune to the disease and recover
*Cats that are persistently viraemic will progress to develop FeLV-associated diseases
*Some cats will become viraemic again if treated with corticosteroids or stressed if the infection lies dormant in the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]]
*Diagnosis:
**ELISA
**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
**Western Blot
**Virus Isolation
**Immunofluorescence
**PCR
*Treatment:
**Antibiotics for secondary infection
**Anti-retroviral therapy
*For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
====Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)====
*Lentivirus
*Subtypes A, B and D
*Causes increased susceptibility to infections and neoplasia
*Specifically destroys [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|CD4+ T cells]]
*Virus is present in saliva, blood and other bodily fluids
*Feral and outdoor cats (mostly tom cats) are most at risk
*Virus replicates in lymphoid tissue
*Can remain asymptomatic
*Causes pyrexia and lymphadenopathy
*Transmitted by biting
*Diagnosis:
**ELISA
**Rapid-Immuno-Migration
**Western Blot
**Virus Isolation
**Immunofluorescence
**PCR
*Treatment:
**Antibiotics for secondary infection
**Anti-retroviral therapy
*For vaccinations see [[Vaccines - WikiBlood#Cat Vaccinations|here]]
====Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV)====
*Lentivirus (non-oncogenic)
*Causes a persistent viral infection and lymphocytosis
*Immunocompromised cattle may develop secondary infections
*The transmission is not well known, but the following possibilities are being researched:
**Through milk
**Through infected semen (e.g.artificial insemination)
**Placental transfer
*Diagnosis:
**Western Blot
**PCR
===Toxic Causes===
*Poisons
===Iatrogenic Causes===
*Drugs
**Corticosteroids
**Cyclosporin
**Cytotoxic cancer therapy
===Other Causes===
*Malnutrition
*Chronic disease
*Stress
*Senescence
[[Category:Immunodeficiencies]]