Changes

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Grade 1 and 2 tears are best managed conservatively with a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, broad-spectrum antibiotics and laxatives such as mineral oil. A moist diet such as bran mash or grass should be provided in order to aid defecation. The horse should be closely monitored for signs of colic, haematochezia, dyschezia, pyrexia and tenesmus. Repeated rectal examination should be avoided unless unavoidable. Tears less that two to three centimetres in length usually heal without causing further problems and rarely require treatmemnt.

Grade 1 and 2 tears are best managed conservatively with a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, broad-spectrum antibiotics and laxatives such as mineral oil. A moist diet such as bran mash or grass should be provided in order to aid defecation. The horse should be closely monitored for signs of colic, haematochezia, dyschezia, pyrexia and tenesmus. Repeated rectal examination should be avoided unless unavoidable. Tears less that two to three centimetres in length usually heal without causing further problems and rarely require treatment.

Grade 3 and 4 tears are acute, life-threatening emergencies and should be referred to a surgical facility. Before transportation it is essential that appropriate emergency care is provided and measures are performed to prevent faecal contamination. Epidural anaesthesia should be performed using either xyalzine alone or xylazine in combination with lidocaine or mepivicaine. The rectum should be packed with an antiseptic tampon positioned cranially to the tear and extending to the anus. A length of stocking filled with betadine-soaked cotton has been recommended for this. A purse-string suture should be placed in the rectum to prevent expulsion of the tampon. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, flunixin meglumine and appropriate tetanus prophylaxis should also be administered. A number of surgical techniques have been described for the repair of Grade 3 and Grade 4 tears. The include suturing the tear closed or the use of a faecal diversion technique to eliminate the passage of faeces throught the rectum.

Grade 3 and 4 tears are acute, life-threatening emergencies and should be referred to a surgical facility. Before transportation it is essential that appropriate emergency care is provided and measures are performed to prevent faecal contamination. Epidural anaesthesia should be performed using either xyalzine alone or xylazine in combination with lidocaine or mepivicaine. The rectum should be packed with an antiseptic tampon positioned cranially to the tear and extending to the anus. A length of stocking filled with betadine-soaked cotton has been recommended for this. A purse-string suture should be placed in the rectum to prevent expulsion of the tampon. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, flunixin meglumine and appropriate tetanus prophylaxis should also be administered. A number of surgical techniques have been described for the repair of Grade 3 and Grade 4 tears. The include suturing the tear closed via a rectal or ventral midline approach, or the use of a faecal diversion technique such as colostomy to eliminate the passage of faeces throught the rectum.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

==References==

==References==