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====Antigenicity====
==Description==
*Caused by [[Reoviridae|bluetongue virus of family Reoviridae]]
*Non-contagious
*Insect-borne
*Causes vasculitis, especially in oral cavity
==Aetiology==
*24 serotypes of BTV have been described
*24 serotypes of BTV have been described
==Hosts==
*Ruminants, including sheep, cattle, deer, goats, and camelids
*Ruminants, including sheep, cattle, deer, goats, and camelids
==Pathogenesis==
*Transfer occurs through blood from viremic animals via biting midges ('''Culicoides spp.''')
*Transfer occurs through blood from viremic animals via biting midges ('''Culicoides spp.''')
*Replication in haematopoietic and endothelial cells of blood vessels
*Replication in haematopoietic and endothelial cells of blood vessels
*Resulting loss of condition, reduction in wool an meat production, which can be followed by death
*Resulting loss of condition, reduction in wool an meat production, which can be followed by death
==Diagnosis==
*Clinical signs can be confirmed through the lab:
*Clinical signs can be confirmed through the lab:
**RT-PCR to detect viral RNA
**RT-PCR to detect viral RNA
**ELISA serology for Ab and rising Ab titres
**ELISA serology for Ab and rising Ab titres
===Clinical Signs===
====Current Relevance====
===Laboratory Tests===
===Pathology===
Complete loss of integrity of epithelium. Uncommon.
====Control====
===Haemorrhagic Inflammation===
*Characteristic of Bluetongue Virus,
*Characteristic of Bluetongue Virus,
*Epithelium lost and haemorrhage produces blue / black discoloration of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hence the name.
*Epithelium lost and haemorrhage produces blue / black discoloration of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hence the name.
*Grossly:
*Grossly:
**Infarctions -> necrosis
**Infarctions -> necrosis
*Histologically:
*Histologically:
**Necrosis -> calcification or regeneration (depends on age of lesion)
**Necrosis -> calcification or regeneration (depends on age of lesion)
==Treatment==
*BTV is '''NOTIFIABLE'''
*Vigilance in recognizing clinical signs
*Restriction of movement:
**Protection Zone: 100km radius around infected premises, movement within zone allowed but not in or out
***Vaccination within PZ using appropriate serotype is encouraged but still voluntary
**Surveillance Zone: 50km radius beyond PZ
*Vector control: ectoparasiticides, etc.
[[Category:Orbiviruses]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Pig]]
[[Category:Orbiviruses]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Pig]]
[[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]][[Category:To_Do_-_Lizzie]]
[[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]][[Category:To_Do_-_Lizzie]]