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− | {{review}}
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− | {{toplink
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− | |backcolour = D1EEEE
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− | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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− | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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− | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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− | |pagetype =Pathology
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− | |sublink1=Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology
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− | |subtext1=PLEURAL CAVITY AND MEMBRANES
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− | }}
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− | <br>
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| ==Pleuritis== | | ==Pleuritis== |
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| *Common in animals | | *Common in animals |
| *Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by: | | *Inflammatory agents reach the pleura by: |
− | **Extension from [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]] | + | **Extension from [[:Category:Pneumonia|pneumonia]] |
− | ***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection | + | ***Pleuropneumonia (fibrinous [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]])- inflammation of [[Mesothelial cells|mesothelial cells]] associated with parenchymal disease due to bacterial infection |
| **Bloodstream | | **Bloodstream |
| **Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritonitis|peritoneal cavity]] | | **Trans-diaphragmatic lymphatics from [[Peritonitis|peritoneal cavity]] |
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| ****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket | | ****Organising fibrinous pleuritis in which the visceral pleura becomes enveloped in a restrictive fibrous blanket |
| ****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs | | ****Pleural adhesions, especially common in ruminants and pigs |
− | *Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Bones Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Hypertrophic osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]] | + | *Granulomatous pleuritis may cause [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy|hypertrophic osteopathy]] |
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| + | ===[[Pyothorax]] (Thoracic empyema)=== |
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− | ===Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)===
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− | *Purulent effusion in the pleural space
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− | *Most significant in:
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− | **'''Horses'''
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− | ***Usually secondary to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology|pneumonia]] or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Pulmonary abscesses|lung abscesses]]
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− | ***[[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'']] are most commonly isolated
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− | ***Usually yellow exudate
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− | ***Often triggered by stress of travelling, competition or similar
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− | **'''Dogs'''
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− | ***Often results from migrating grass awns
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− | ***[[:Category:Actinomycetes|''Actinomyces, Nocardia'']] and [[Bacteroides|''Bacteroides'' spp.]] are the most frequently recovered organisms
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− | ***Usually blood stained viscous or creamy exudate, often bilateral
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− | ***Yellowish granules may be present within the exudate
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− | ***Thickened pleura, sometimes fibrinous
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− | **'''Cats'''
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− | ***Pathogenesis is unclear, possible due to bite wounds or penetrated oesophagus
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− | ***[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] and other Gram-negative organisms are frequently recovered
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− | ***Usually creamy yellow or greyish brown exudate, often bilateral
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| | '''Horses''' | | | '''Horses''' |
− | | [[HHendra Virus|Hendra virus]] | + | | [[Hendra Virus|Hendra virus]] |
| | extension from nasopharyngeal flora | | | extension from nasopharyngeal flora |
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| |} | | |} |
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− | =Test yourself with the Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards= | + | ==Test yourself with the Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards== |
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| [[Pleural_Cavity_and_Membranes_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards]] | | [[Pleural_Cavity_and_Membranes_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Pleural Cavity and Membranes Pathology Flashcards]] |
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| + | [[Category:Pleural Cavity and Membranes - Pathology]] |
| + | [[Category:Respiratory System - Inflammatory Pathology]] |