Changes

==Other diagnostic tools===

==Other diagnostic tools===

Plasma lactate concentration has been reported to have a strong link with the patient's prognosis due its association with gastric necrosis and systemic hypovolaemia. A plasma lactate greater than 6 mmol/L is associated with a poor prognosis.  

Plasma lactate concentration has been reported to have a strong link with the patient's prognosis due its association with gastric necrosis and systemic hypovolaemia. A plasma lactate greater than 6 mmol/L is associated with a poor prognosis.  

Electrocardiography (ECG) is essential as cardiac arrhythmias may occur in up to 40% of dogs with GDV. Most arrhythmias are ventricular in origin and occur within 36 hours of admission.

Electrocardiography (ECG) is essential as cardiac arrhythmias may occur in up to 40% of dogs with GDV. Most arrhythmias are ventricular in origin and occur within 36 hours of admission. Ventricular tachycardia is the most common rhythm disturbance seen but many other arrhythmias may occur.

 

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Once the patient has been stabilised, the volvulus should be surgically reduced via a cranioventral midline laparotomy. In a ventral midline approach, the first visible structure encountered with a clockwise rotation of the stomach is the ventral leaf of the omentum. The spleen may be displaced from the left side of the abdomen to the right (ventral) side.  

Once the patient has been stabilised, the volvulus should be surgically reduced via a cranioventral midline laparotomy. In a ventral midline approach, the first visible structure encountered with a clockwise rotation of the stomach is the ventral leaf of the omentum. The spleen may be displaced from the left side of the abdomen to the right (ventral) side.