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==Description==

==Description==

Myxomatosis is a highly contagious viral condition of rabbits caused by the myxoma virus, a member of the poxvirus group. It was first recognised in the UK in 1953 after it crossed the channel from France where it was illegally introduced in 1952. It is carried prinicpally by mosquitoes and the rabbit flea,''Spilopsyllus cuniculi'', but is also transmitted by direct or indirect contact with ocular or skin discharges or by mechanical vectors. The disease is characterised by mucinous skin lesions and nodular tumours and is associated with a high mortality rate.

Myxomatosis is a highly contagious viral condition of rabbits caused by the myxoma virus, a member of the poxvirus group. It was first recognised in the UK in 1953 after it crossed the channel from France where it was illegally introduced in 1952. It is carried mainly by arthropods, particularly the rabbit flea,''Spilopsyllus cuniculi''. The disease is also transmitted by direct or indirect contact with ocular or skin discharges or by mechanical vectors. The disease is characterised by subcutaneous mucinous lesions and nodular tumours and is associated with a high mortality rate.

Myxomatosis is enzootic in cottontail rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus in both South and North America and in wild rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus in South America, Europe, and Australia. All other animals are resistant to the disease.   

Myxomatosis is enzootic in cottontail rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus in both South and North America and in wild rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus in South America, Europe, and Australia. All other animals are resistant to the disease.   

The clinical disease varies with the virus strain and host species. Sylvilagus species are relatively resistant, and are probably the natural host of the virus.  In this species, infection usually results in the development of skin tumours at the site of innoculation.  The tumours appear 4-8 days after exposure and persist for up to 40 days.   

The clinical disease varies with the virus strain and host species. Sylvilagus species are relatively resistant, and are probably the natural host of the virus.  In this species, infection usually results in the development of skin tumours at the site of innoculation.  The tumours appear 4-8 days after exposure and persist for up to 40 days.   

In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), infection with a virulent virus (i.e. the South American or California strains) results in severe disease with up to a 99% case fatality rate. Initial signs include oedema of the eyelids accompanied by inflammation and oedema around the anal, genital, oral, and nasal orifices.  Oedema of the head and ears, drooping ears, and bacterial infections resulting in mucopurulent conjunctivitis and pneumonia are seen. Severe pyrexia is frequently reported.  Death (8-15 days post infection) is usually preceded by dyspnoea and seizures. Lepus species (hares) however are highly resistant; occasional individuals develop mild to severe generalized myxomatosis.

In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), infection with a virulent virus (i.e. the South American or California strains) results in severe disease with up to a 99% case fatality rate. Initial signs include oedema of the eyelids accompanied by inflammation and oedema around the anal, genital, oral, and nasal orifices.  Oedema of the head and ears, drooping ears, and bacterial infections resulting in mucopurulent conjunctivitis and pneumonia are seen. Severe pyrexia is frequently reported.  Death (8-15 days post infection) is usually preceded by dyspnoea and seizures. Lepus species (hares) however are highly resistant; occasional individuals develop mild to severe generalized myxomatosis. The mortality rate is affected by environmental temperature, with the disease being more lethal at low temperatures.

==Pathology==

==Pathology==

==Prevention==

==Prevention==

Vaccination and control of insect parasites are the most important means of disease prevention in domestic rabbits. In order to control flease, wild rabbits should be kept away from pet rabbits and spot-on products may be used. Mosquito control can be achieved using insect repellent strips and fine mesh netting.

Vaccination and control of insect parasites are the most important means of disease prevention in domestic rabbits. In order to control flease, wild rabbits should be kept away from pet rabbits and spot-on products may be used. Mosquito control can be achieved using insect repellent strips and fine mesh netting.

The myxomatosis vaccine currently used in the UK is a live vaccine containing ''Shope fibroma'' virus. Antibodies made against ''Shope fibroma'' provide cross immunity against myxomatosis. Annual booster vaccination is recommended. Live attenuated vaccines have been used elsewhere in Europe but have been associated with other side effects such as immunosuppression.

The myxomatosis vaccine currently used in the UK is a live vaccine containing ''Shope fibroma'' virus (Nobivac Myxo, Intervet). Antibodies made against ''Shope fibroma'' provide cross immunity against myxomatosis. Annual booster vaccination is recommended. Live attenuated vaccines have been used elsewhere in Europe but have been associated with other side effects such as immunosuppression.

 

Although the mortality rate in affected rabbits is high, recovery is possible. High ambient temperatures have been reported to increase recovery rates and a warm environment should be provided. Antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories are commonly used to treat the disease, however corticosteroids are contraindicated due to their immunosuppressive effects.

==References==

==References==

*Fraser, S. G. (2009) '''Rabbit Medicine and Surgery for Veterinary Nurses''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

*Fraser, S. G. (2009) '''Rabbit Medicine and Surgery for Veterinary Nurses''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

*Kayne, S. B., Jepson, M. H. (2004) '''Veterinary Pharmacy''' ''Pharmaceutical Press''

*Kayne, S. B., Jepson, M. H. (2004) '''Veterinary Pharmacy''' ''Pharmaceutical Press''