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==Types of Haemorrhage==
 
==Types of Haemorrhage==
   
* Two main types of haemorrhage are recognised and are considered in more detail below:
 
* Two main types of haemorrhage are recognised and are considered in more detail below:
 
** '''[[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Haemorrhage by Rhexis|Rhexis]]'''
 
** '''[[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Haemorrhage by Rhexis|Rhexis]]'''
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===Haematoma===
 
===Haematoma===
   
* A large blood clot within the tissues.
 
* A large blood clot within the tissues.
 
** A localised collection of blood confined by surrounding tissues resulting in a modular formation.  
 
** A localised collection of blood confined by surrounding tissues resulting in a modular formation.  
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===In Body Cavities===
 
===In Body Cavities===
   
* Haemothorax, Haemopericardium and Haemoperitoneum.
 
* Haemothorax, Haemopericardium and Haemoperitoneum.
 
** Blood escapes into the respective body cavities.
 
** Blood escapes into the respective body cavities.
    
===Petechiae===
 
===Petechiae===
   
* These are minute - foci are 1-2mm in diameter.
 
* These are minute - foci are 1-2mm in diameter.
 
* Of capillary origin.
 
* Of capillary origin.
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===Ecchymoses===
 
===Ecchymoses===
   
* Of capillary origin. .
 
* Of capillary origin. .
 
* Foci are 3-23mm in diameter.
 
* Foci are 3-23mm in diameter.
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===Purpura===
 
===Purpura===
   
* Purpura is a clinical syndrome.  
 
* Purpura is a clinical syndrome.  
 
* Multiple small spontaneous haemorrhages develop in tissues (e.g. skin, mucosae, serosal surfaces and joints).
 
* Multiple small spontaneous haemorrhages develop in tissues (e.g. skin, mucosae, serosal surfaces and joints).
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==Haemorrhage by Rhexis==
 
==Haemorrhage by Rhexis==
   
* This is of venular or arteriolar (or larger vessel) origin.
 
* This is of venular or arteriolar (or larger vessel) origin.
 
** Results in major bleeding.
 
** Results in major bleeding.
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==Haemorrhage by Diapedesis==
 
==Haemorrhage by Diapedesis==
   
===Septicaemia===
 
===Septicaemia===
   
* Causes large numbers of petechiae and ecchymoses.
 
* Causes large numbers of petechiae and ecchymoses.
    
===Toxaemia and Poisoning===
 
===Toxaemia and Poisoning===
   
* Causes petechiae and ecchymoses.
 
* Causes petechiae and ecchymoses.
 
** These haemorrhages are probably due to direct damage to the vessel walls.
 
** These haemorrhages are probably due to direct damage to the vessel walls.
    
===Purpura haemorrhagica===
 
===Purpura haemorrhagica===
   
* Pupura haemorrhagica is a condition that occurs in horses after an infection.
 
* Pupura haemorrhagica is a condition that occurs in horses after an infection.
 
** Particularly following [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]].  
 
** Particularly following [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]].  
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===Haemophilia===
 
===Haemophilia===
   
* Failure of the normal clotting of the blood.
 
* Failure of the normal clotting of the blood.
 
** Due to absence of one of the clotting factors.
 
** Due to absence of one of the clotting factors.
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===Dicoumeral poisoning===
 
===Dicoumeral poisoning===
   
* Dicoumeral is an antagonist to Vitamin K.
 
* Dicoumeral is an antagonist to Vitamin K.
 
** Vitamin K is needed by the liver to synthesise prothrombin and various clotting factors.
 
** Vitamin K is needed by the liver to synthesise prothrombin and various clotting factors.
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==Gross Appearance of Haemorrhage==
 
==Gross Appearance of Haemorrhage==
   
* The gross appearance of haemorrhage can vary depending on the tissue in which it occurs.
 
* The gross appearance of haemorrhage can vary depending on the tissue in which it occurs.
    
===Epistaxis===
 
===Epistaxis===
   
* Epistaxis is a nose bleed.
 
* Epistaxis is a nose bleed.
 
* The haemorrhage may originate anywhere in the respiratory system.  
 
* The haemorrhage may originate anywhere in the respiratory system.  
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===Gastric Haemorrhage===
 
===Gastric Haemorrhage===
   
* Gastric secretion soon turns the blood a dark brown.
 
* Gastric secretion soon turns the blood a dark brown.
 
* When vomited up it is called Haematomesis.
 
* When vomited up it is called Haematomesis.
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===Dysentery===
 
===Dysentery===
   
* Occurs when the bleeding is low down the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]].
 
* Occurs when the bleeding is low down the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]].
 
* The blood is passed in the faeces relatively unchanged.
 
* The blood is passed in the faeces relatively unchanged.
    
===Haematuria===
 
===Haematuria===
   
* Blood is present in the urine.
 
* Blood is present in the urine.
 
** Imparts a red colour to it.  
 
** Imparts a red colour to it.  
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===Bruising===
 
===Bruising===
   
* Brusing is the result of haemorrhage.
 
* Brusing is the result of haemorrhage.
 
* Appears red for 48 hours and then begins to turn yellow.
 
* Appears red for 48 hours and then begins to turn yellow.
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==Effects of Haemorrhage==  
 
==Effects of Haemorrhage==  
   
===Local===
 
===Local===
   
* Haemorrhage may result in a diffuse mass of red blood cells and fibrin in loose connective tissues and in organs.
 
* Haemorrhage may result in a diffuse mass of red blood cells and fibrin in loose connective tissues and in organs.
 
** E.g. in the cutaneous connective tissues, the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and the gut wall.
 
** E.g. in the cutaneous connective tissues, the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and the gut wall.
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===Systematic===
 
===Systematic===
   
* The systematic effects of haemorrhage are usually associated with uncontrolled blood loss.
 
* The systematic effects of haemorrhage are usually associated with uncontrolled blood loss.
 
** I.e. from a major artery associated with trauma.  
 
** I.e. from a major artery associated with trauma.  
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