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− | {{unfinished}} | + | {{review}} |
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− | {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| + | Also known as: '''''HGE |
− | | Also known as:
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− | | '''HGE'''
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− | ==Description== | + | ==Introduction== |
− | '''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]. Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction. There is usually no history of rubbish, chemical or foreign body ingestion. | + | '''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]. Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction. There is usually no history of rubbish, chemical or foreign body ingestion. |
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| ==Signalment== | | ==Signalment== |
− | Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as: | + | Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as: Miniature Poodle, Toy Poodle, Miniature Schnauzer, Yorkshire Terrier, Dachshund. |
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− | <gallery>
| + | ==Clinical Signs== |
− | Image:Miniature_Poodle.jpg|''Miniature Poodle''<p> Berlinda 2005, WikiMedia Commons
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− | Image:Toy_poodle1.jpg|''Toy Poodle''<p> Manuel González Olaechea y Franco 2006, WikiMedia Commons
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− | Image:Miniature_schnauzer.jpg|''Miniature Schnauzer'' <p> MagnusK 2006, WikiMedia Commons
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− | Image:Yorkshire_Terrier.jpg|''Yorkshire Terrier'' <p> Jlcerso 2007, WikiMedia Commons
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− | Image:Standard_Dachshund_(Short-haired).jpg|''Dachshund (Standard Short-haired)'' <p> Igor Bredikhin 2006, WikiMedia Commons
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− | </gallery>
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− | ==Diagnosis==
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− | ===Clinical Signs===
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| Include acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with vomiting preceding diarrhoea. | | Include acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with vomiting preceding diarrhoea. |
| Other signs include depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, dehydration and [[Shock#Hypovolaemic shock|hypovolaemic shock]] occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours. Pyrexia can occur but is rare. | | Other signs include depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, dehydration and [[Shock#Hypovolaemic shock|hypovolaemic shock]] occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours. Pyrexia can occur but is rare. |
− | In severe cases patients may be critically ill or moribund. | + | In severe cases, patients may be critically ill or moribund. |
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− | ===Laboratory Tests===
| + | ==Laboratory Tests== |
− | ====Haematology and Biochemistry====
| + | ===Haematology and Biochemistry=== |
| Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines. | | Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines. |
− | In severe cases a thrombocytopaenia and a Pre-renal or renal [[Azotaemia|azotaemia]] may occur. | + | In severe cases a thrombocytopaenia and a pre-renal or renal [[Azotaemia|azotaemia]] may occur. |
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− | ====Other Tests====
| + | ===Other Tests=== |
− | Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin. Clostridium perfringens spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this. | + | Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin. ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this. |
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− | ===Diagnostic Imaging===
| + | ==Diagnostic Imaging== |
− | ====Radiography====
| + | ===Radiography=== |
| Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines. | | Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines. |
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| Aggressive intravenous [[Principles of Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]] is important for the treatment and prevention of shock. | | Aggressive intravenous [[Principles of Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]] is important for the treatment and prevention of shock. |
| [[Colloids|Colloids]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration. | | [[Colloids|Colloids]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration. |
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| Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days. | | Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days. |
− | A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''Clostridium perfringens''.
| + | Broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''Clostridium perfringens''. |
− | Initially, food should be withheld. Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced. | + | |
| + | Initially, food should be withheld. Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced. |
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| ==Prognosis== | | ==Prognosis== |
− | Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis. However, recurrence is possible. | + | Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis. However, recurrence is possible. |
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| + | ==Literature Search== |
| + | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]] |
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| + | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation). |
| + | <br><br><br> |
| + | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=10&q=title%3A%28Gastroenteritis%29+AND+%28title%3A%28haemorrhagic%29+OR+%28hemorrhagic%29%29&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22 Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis publications] |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
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| Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''. | | Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''. |
− | [[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]] | + | [[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]][[Category:Dog]] |
− | [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] | + | [[Category:Expert_Review]] |