Line 111: |
Line 111: |
| Subunit antigens can also be isolated using the DNA coding for antigenic proteins; circular DNA plasmids are expanded in disabled E.coli strains and then purified - the plasmids expressing the foreign gene can be vaccinated directly into the host. | | Subunit antigens can also be isolated using the DNA coding for antigenic proteins; circular DNA plasmids are expanded in disabled E.coli strains and then purified - the plasmids expressing the foreign gene can be vaccinated directly into the host. |
| | | |
− | ===Adjuvants===
| + | ==Adjuvants== |
| + | Adjuvants are used with vaccines containing inactivated organisms which alone would only stimulate a weak immune response. Some adjuvants create a depot of antigen at the injection site allowing a steady flow of antigen into the afferent lymph, while others stimulate the immune system to amplify the adaptive immune response to antigens e.g. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMP-like adjuvants assist naive [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] priming. |
| | | |
− | *Used with vaccines containing inactivated organisms which alone only stimulate a weak immune response | + | Different subtypes of [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|T helper cells]] are stimulated by different adjuvants, for example: |
| + | *Aluminium salts generate bias [[T cell differentiation#TH2 Cells|T helper II]] responses for [[Immunoglobulins|'''antibody''']]-mediated immunity |
| + | *Killed mycobacteria generate IL-12 producing good '''cell'''-mediated immunity |
| | | |
− | *Some create a depot of antigen at the injection site allowing a steady flow of antigen into the afferent lymph
| + | Adjuvants decrease the number of injections needed and the amount of antigen that needs to be administered, but they have been associated with vaccine reactions. |
− | | |
− | *Some stimulate the immune system to amplify the adaptive immune response to antigens
| |
− | **E.g. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
| |
− | **E.g. PAMP-like adjuvants which assist naive [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] priming
| |
− | | |
− | *Different subtypes of [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|T helper cells]] are stimulated by different adjuvants
| |
− | **E.g. Aluminium salts generate bias [[T cell differentiation#TH2 Cells|T helper II]] responses for [[Immunoglobulins|'''antibody''']]-mediated immunity
| |
− | **E.g. Killed mycobacteria generate IL-12 producing good '''cell'''-mediated immunity
| |
− | | |
− | *Adjuvants decrease the number of injections needed and the amount of antigen administered
| |
| | | |
| ===Marker Vaccines=== | | ===Marker Vaccines=== |