Behaviour Modifying Drugs - Overview

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Although many drugs are used to treat behavioural conditions in animals, there are only three psychoactive drugs specifically licensed for use in companion animals to treat behavioural problems. These are:

  • Clomipramine (EU and USA license for the treatment of separation related problems in dogs).
  • Selegiline (EU License for the treatment of behavioural problems with an emotional underlying origin).
  • Fluoxetine (EU and USA license for the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs, when used in combination with behavioural therapy. Subsequently withdrawn from European market).

No psychoactive drugs are licensed for use in cats. A range of other drugs are used to treat behavioural conditions, including beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, benzodiazepines, azapirones, anticonvulsants and triazolopyridines. Some of these drugs are licensed for use in a companion animal species for another condition, but many are not licensed for use in any companion animal species. Examples are listed in the table below, however, most uses listed are unapproved, care should therefore be taken with their use:


Class of Drug Drugs Uses Side Effects
Tranquillisers Acepromazine Sedation/restraint (no specific indication in behavioural therapy) Hypotension, CNS stimulation, contradictory responses, caution in boxers and greyhounds
Benzodiazepines Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Oxazepam Acute anxiety, panic, short-term management of noise phobias Hepatic necrosis after oral dosing in cats (potentially fatal), sedation, ataxia, increased appetite, paradoxical excitation, amnesia
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Amitriptyline, Clomipramine Anxiety, separation anxiety, canine and feline fear aggression, feline urine marking, feline compulsive grooming, stereotypy, some narcoleptic disorders Sedation, gastrointestinal (GI) effects, dry mouth, increased thirst, urinary retention
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline Aggression, canine separation anxiety, compulsive disorders, feline urine marking Lethargy, inappetence, anorexia, GI effects
Beta Blockers Propranolol Situational anxiety, social anxiety, augmentation therapy for SRI/SSRIS drugs Bradycardia, lethargy, hypotension, syncope
Azapirones Busiprone Anxiety, feline urine marking, interact aggression Uncommon, not sedating
Triazolopyridines Trazodone Anxiety, phobia, separation anxiety, used primarily as an augmentation for other psychoactive drug therapies
Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine, Gabapentin, Levetiracetam, Phenobarbital, Potassium bromide Behavioural problems arising from focal seizures (e.g. aggression, tail chasing) Lethargy, ataxia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Glial Modulators Propentofylline Reduced activity in dogs (as an adjunct therapy for dogs with cognitive dysfunction syndrome)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO-Is) Selegiline Canine and feline cognitive dysfunction syndrome, fear related problems, spraying, hyperactivity, compulsive/stereoptypical disorders, specific phobias GI effects, restlessness or lethargy, anorexia


Synthetic hormone analogues like megestrol acetate (Ovarid), have little or no rational use in behavioural therapy for reasons of non-specificity, and adverse effects which make their use unjustifiable. Phenothiazines such as ACP have a very varied level of effect and duration of action and affect both normal and abnormal behaviours without significantly altering emotional state, which is an out of date approach to behavioural therapy[1].

Licensed drugs have established data about their efficacy, side effects, contraindications and toxicity, which makes expected outcomes more reliable[2]. Their use is supported by one or more controlled studies.

References

  1. Overall, K.L., 2004. Paradigms for pharmacologic use as a treatment component in feline behavioral medicine. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6, 29-42.
  2. Merck Veterinary Manual (10th Edition) - Behaviour. 2011 The Merck Publishing Group.