Hypersensitivity Flashcards

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HYPERSENSITIVITY
WIKIBLOOD FLASHCARDS


Hypersensitivity

Question Answer Article
What is hypersensitivity?
  • A hyperactive immune response to an antigen
  • Leading to cell and tissue damage
  • It involves normal immune mechanisms directed towards harmless environmental antigens (ie. allergy) or directed at self antigens (ie. autoimmunity)
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Which two scientists proposed the mechanism for distinguishing between the different types of hypersensitivity reactions?
  • Gell and Coombs
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Complete the following sentences Types I, II and III hypersensitivity are antibody mediated reactions. Type IV hypersensitivity is a cell mediated reaction. Link to Answer Article



Type I Hypersensitivity

Question Answer Article
What is type I hypersensitivity also known as?
  • Anaphylactic-mediated
  • IgE-mediated
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What is the name of antigens which cause type I hypersensitivity?
  • Allergens
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Name some common allergens which cause a type I hypersensitivity reaction
  • Plant pollens
  • Foods
  • Drugs
  • Proteins
  • Insect products
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Mast cells are caused to degranulate releasing cytokines. What affects do these cytokines have on the infected area?
  • Vasodilation
  • Oedema
  • Mucous production
  • Chemoattractants cause the influx of neutrophils, basophils, monocytes and plasma
  • Vasoactive and inflammatory peptides cause the contraction of smooth muscle fibres
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Name some examples of type I hypsensitivity reactions
  • Sweet-itch
  • Atopy
  • Flea allergic dermatitis
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Type II Hypersensitivity

Question Answer Article
What types of immunoglobulin are produced in type II hypersensitivity reactions and are they produced against soluble or fixed antigens?
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • Fixed antigens
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What is the main mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?
  • Neutralisation blockage of receptors
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Which immunological processes does the type II reaction use to destroy target cells? Give examples for each process?
  • Antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)
    • Pemphigus vulgaris
    • Bullous pemphigoid
  • Complement mediated lysis
    • Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
    • Blood transfusion reaction
    • Haemolytic disease of new born
    • Feline infectious anaemia
  • Phagocytosis
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Type III Hypersensitivity

Question Answer Article
Which immunoglobulin is produced in type III hypersensitivity and is it produced against soluble or fixed antigens?
  • IgG
  • Soluble antigens
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What does inhaling antigen locally lead to?
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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What other conditions can be caused by a local type III hypersensitivity response?
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Arthritis
  • Vasculitis
  • Acute inflammation
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What general effects does increased levels of systemic antigen have?
  • Vasculitis
  • Erythema
  • Oedema
  • Neutropaenia
  • Proteinurea
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Give an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction where the antigen is a self antigen
  • Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)
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Type IV Hypersensitivity

Question Answer Article
What is type IV hypersensitivity also known as?
  • Delayed-type hypersensitivity
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What effects do a CD4+ helper cell hypersensitivity response have?
  • Abnormal macrophage activation
  • Macrophage production of inflammatory mediators and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)
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What effect does a CD8+ cytotoxic hypersensitivity response have?
  • Destruction of normal cells
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What are the two types of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
  • Contact
  • Granulomatous
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What are the main cells involved in contact dermatitis?
  • Mononuclear cells
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Give two examples of infections causing a granulomatous response
  • Mycobacterium tubercle
  • Schistosome eggs
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What is the tuberculin test?
  • Used for testing TB in cattle
  • Injection of intradermal antigen into the skin
  • A skin reaction (infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes) peaking at 48-72 hours indicates prior exposure to the antigen or ongoing infection
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