Male Reproductive Pathology Quiz

WIKIQUIZ

Questions reviewed by:

Dr Peter G.G. Jackson BVM&S, MA, DVM&S, FRCVS Janet Daly BSc PhD Lecturer in Comparative Virology

1

Which of the following is correct with regards to cyptorchidism? Always unilateral Increases risk of testicular tumours Ectopic testis has normal function It is spontaneous Most commonly reported in the cow and sheep Please select an option Incorrect. Cryptorchidism is not always unilateral, it is usually unilateral but may be bilateral. Cryptorchidism is incomplete descent of the testes, the ectopic testes may be at any site from the posterior pole of the kidney to the external inguinal ring. The correct answer is that it increases the risk of testicular tumours in the ectopic testis, especially in the dog. WikiVet Article: Testicular abnormalities. Correct! With cryptorchidism there is an increased risk of testicular tumours in the ectopic testis, especially in the dog. Cryptorchidism is incomplete descent of the testes. The ectopic testes may be at any site from the posterior pole of the kidney to the external inguinal ring.WikiVet Article: Testicular abnormalities. Incorrect. There is not normal reproductive function in cryptorchidism, the cryptorchid testis is usually sterile. Cryptorchidism is incomplete descent of the testes, the ectopic testes may be at any site from the posterior pole of the kidney to the external inguinal ring. The correct answer is that it increases the risk of testicular tumours in the ectopic testis, especially in the dog. WikiVet Article: Testicular abnormalities. Incorrect. Cryptorchidism is not spontaneous. Testicular hypoplasia is spontaneous and may be associated with intersex or cryptorchidism. Cryptorchidism is incomplete descent of the testes, the ectopic testes may be at any site from the posterior pole of the kidney to the external inguinal ring. The correct answer is that it increases the risk of testicular tumours in the ectopic testis, especially in the dog.WikiVet Article: Testicular abnormalities. Incorrect. Cryptorchidism is not often seen in the cow and sheep, it is seen most commonly in the horse, pig and dog, but is not rare in other species. Cryptorchidism is incomplete descent of the testes, the ectopic testes may be at any site from the posterior pole of the kidney to the external inguinal ring. The correct answer is that it increases the risk of testicular tumours in the ectopic testis, especilly in the dog. WikiVet Article: Testicular abnormalities.

2

Which testicular tumour may be associated with the feminisation syndrome in dogs? Leydig cell tumour Seminoma Sertoli cell tumour Squamous cell carcinoma Teratoma Please select an option Incorrect. Leydig cell tumours are not associated with feminisation syndrome. The correct answer is feminisation syndrome is associated with oestrogen production by Sertoli cell tumours. The syndrome is seen as; ventral alopecia and hyperpigmentation, cystic hyperplasia of the mammary gland (gynecomastia), preputial oedema, squamous metaplasia of the prostate (decreased size) and contralateral testicular atrophy. WikiVet Article: Sertoli cell tumour Incorrect. Seminomas are not associated with feminisation syndrome. The correct answer is feminisation syndrome is associated with oestrogen production by Sertoli cell tumours. The syndrome is seen as; ventral alopecia and hyperpigmentation, cystic hyperplasia of the mammary gland (gynecomastia), preputial oedema, squamous metaplasia of the prostate (decreased size) and contralateral testicular atrophy. WikiVet Article: Sertoli cell tumour Correct! Feminisation syndrome is associated with oestrogen production by Sertoli cell tumours. The syndrome is seen as; ventral alopecia and hyperpigmentation, cystic hyperplasia of the mammary gland (gynecomastia), preputial oedema, squamous metaplasia of the prostate (decreased size) and contralateral testicular atrophy. WikiVet Article: Sertoli cell tumour Incorrect. Squamous cell carcinoma is not associated with feminisation syndrome. In fact it tends to be a neoplasia affecting the external genitalia rather than the testicles themselves. The correct answer is feminisation syndrome is associated with oestrogen production by Sertoli cell tumours. The syndrome is seen as; ventral alopecia and hyperpigmentation, cystic hyperplasia of the mammary gland (gynecomastia), preputial oedema, squamous metaplasia of the prostate (decreased size) and contralateral testicular atrophy. WikiVet Article: Sertoli cell tumour Incorrect. Teratomas are not associated with feminisation syndrome. The correct answer is feminisation syndrome is associated with oestrogen production by Sertoli cell tumours. The syndrome is seen as; ventral alopecia and hyperpigmentation, cystic hyperplasia of the mammary gland (gynecomastia), preputial oedema, squamous metaplasia of the prostate (decreased size) and contralateral testicular atrophy. WikiVet Article: Sertoli cell tumour

3

What causes a sperm granuloma? Torsion of the spermatic cord Cystic dilation of the epididymis Inflammation of the epididymis Escape of sperm into adjacent tissues Inflammation of the spermatic cord Please select an option Incorrect. Torsion is usually due to trauma or cryptorchid testes and is not associated with sperm granuloma. The correct answer isa sperm granuloma is formed when sperm escapes into adjacent tissues and stimulates an immune response. This can be caused by blind-ending efferent tubules, usually in the head of the epididymis, it leads to pressure degeneration of the testis. This is seen most commonly in bucks and less commonly in rams. WikiVet Article: Male genitalia Incorrect. Cystic dilation of the epididymis forms a spermatocoele. This causes accumulation of semen, inspissation, and if it ruptures may form a sperm granuloma. Spermatocoele formation is due to congenital or acquired occlusions of the ducts and occurs in rams after epididymitis. The correct answer is a sperm granuloma is formed when sperm escapes into adjacent tissues and stimulates an immune response. This can be caused by blind-ending efferent tubules, usually in the head of the epididymis, it leads to pressure degeneration of the testis. This is seen most commonly in bucks and less commonly in rams. WikiVet Article: Male genitalia Incorrect. Inflammation of the epididymis, epididiymitis, usually occurs concurrently with orchitis and it is not associated with sperm granulomas. The correct answer is a sperm granuloma is formed when sperm escapes into adjacent tissues and stimulates an immune response. This can be caused by blind-ending efferent tubules, usually in the head of the epididymis, it leads to pressure degeneration of the testis. This is seen most commonly in bucks and less commonly in rams. WikiVet Article: Male genitalia Correct! A sperm granuloma is formed when sperm escapes into adjacent tissues and stimulates an immune response. This can be caused by blind-ending efferent tubules, usually in the head of the epididymis, it leads to pressure degeneration of the testis. This is seen most commonly in bucks and less commonly in rams. It is seen occasionally after a vasectomy operation.WikiVet Article: Male genitalia Incorrect. Inflammation of the spermatic cord, or funiculitis occurs following castration,the wound may become chronically infected. The correct answer isa sperm granuloma is formed when sperm escapes into adjacent tissues and stimulates an immune response. This can be caused by blind-ending efferent tubules, usually in the head of the epididymis, it leads to pressure degeneration of the testis. This is seen most commonly in bucks and less commonly in rams. WikiVet Article: Male genitalia

4

What is the most common cause of testicular ischaemia? Sertoli cell tumour Following venous thrombosis Burdizzo castration Hyperthermia Infection Please select an option Incorrect. Sertoli cell tumours may cause degenerative changes due to compression from the tumour causing increased pressure within the tunica albuginea. The correct answer is that Burdizzo castration is the most common cause of testicular ischaemia. Coagulative necrosis and ischaemia occur following compression of the spermatic cord in Burdizzo castration. The testicular blood supply is vulnerabletotrauma as the arterial supply and venous return are restricted within the spermatic cord and at the inguinal rings and the tunica albuginea is relatively inelastic and cannot adjust to sudden increases in intra-testicular pressure. Testicular torsion especially in dogs can also lead to partial or complete testicular ischaemia. WikiVet Article: Testicular pathology Incorrect. It is anoxia or stagnation hypoxia that occurs following venous thrombosis, with or without haematoma, following trauma.The correct answer is that Burdizzo castration is the most common cause of testicular ischaemia. Coagulative necrosis and ischaemia occur following compression of the spermatic cord in Burdizzo castration. The testicular blood supply is vulnerabletotrauma as the arterial supply and venous return are restricted within the spermatic cord and at the inguinal rings and the tunica albuginea is relatively inelastic and cannot adjust to sudden increases in intra-testicular pressure. Testicular torsion especially in dogs can also lead to partial or complete testicular ischaemia. WikiVet Article: Testicular pathology Correct! Burdizzo castration is the most common cause. Coagulative necrosis and ischaemia occur following compression of the spermatic cord in Burdizzo castration. The testicular blood supply is vulnerabletotrauma as the arterial supply and venous return are restricted within the spermatic cord and at the inguinal rings and the tunica albuginea is relatively inelastic and cannot adjust to sudden increases in intra-testicular pressure. Testicular torsion especially in dogs can also lead to partial or complete testicular ischaemia. WikiVet Article: Testicular pathology Incorrect. Hyperthermia tends to cause degenerative changes, which is a common cause of reduced fertility. Hyperthermia may occur when there is excess periscrotal fat or short cremaster muscles. The correct answer is that Burdizzo castration is the most common cause of testicular ischaemia. Coagulative necrosis and ischaemia occur following compression of the spermatic cord in Burdizzo castration. The testicular blood supply is vulnerabletotrauma as the arterial supply and venous return are restricted within the spermatic cord and at the inguinal rings and the tunica albuginea is relatively inelastic and cannot adjust to sudden increases in intra-testicular pressure. Testicular torsion especially in dogs can also lead to partial or complete testicular ischaemia. WikiVet Article: Testicular pathology Incorrect. Infection, either systemic or localised, may lead to degenerative changes as a result of toxaemia and pyrexia. Testicular degeneration is the most common cause of reduced fertility. The correct answer is that Burdizzo castration is the most common cause of testicular ischaemia. Coagulative necrosis and ischaemia occur following compression of the spermatic cord in Burdizzo castration. The testicular blood supply is vulnerable to trauma as the arterial supply and venous return are restricted within the spermatic cord and at the inguinal rings and the tunica albuginea is relatively inelastic and cannot adjust to sudden increases in intra-testicular pressure. Testicular torsion especially in dogs can also lead to partial or complete testicular ischaemia. WikiVet Article: Testicular pathology

5

Which notifiable virus can be shed for an extended period via the accessory sex glands of stallions, after clinical infection has subsided? African horse sickness virus West Nile virus Equine infectious anaemia Equine arteritis virus Equine encephalitis virus Please select an option Incorrect. African horse sickness virus is not shed in semen. The shedder stallion is a very important source of equine arteritis virus. During clinical infection, the virus can localise in the accessory sex glands and so can be shed in the stallion's semen for weeks, months or even years. The fertility of these stallions is unaffected and there are no clinical signs but they can transmit infection to mares during mating or if their semen is used for artificial insemination. WikiVet Article: Equine arteritis virus & Link to webpage: Horserace Betting Levy Board Code of Practice for Equine Viral Arteritis. Incorrect. West Nile virus is not shed in semen. The shedder stallion is a very important source of equine arteritis virus. During clinical infection, the virus can localise in the accessory sex glands and so can be shed in the stallion's semen for weeks, months or even years. The fertility of these stallions is unaffected and there are no clinical signs but they can transmit infection to mares during mating or if their semen is used for artificial insemination. WikiVet Article: Equine arteritis virus & Link to webpage: Horserace Betting Levy Board Code of Practice for Equine Viral Arteritis. Incorrect. Equine infectious anaemia can be shed in semen but it does not persist for long periods in accessory sex glands. The shedder stallion is a very important source of equine arteritis virus. During clinical infection, the virus can localise in the accessory sex glands and so can be shed in the stallion's semen for weeks, months or even years. The fertility of these stallions is unaffected and there are no clinical signs but they can transmit infection to mares during mating or if their semen is used for artificial insemination. WikiVet Article: Equine arteritis virus & Link to webpage: Horserace Betting Levy Board Code of Practice for Equine Viral Arteritis. Correct! The shedder stallion is a very important source of equine arteritis virus. During clinical infection, the virus can localise in the accessory sex glands and so can be shed in the stallion's semen for weeks, months or even years. The fertility of these stallions is unaffected and there are no clinical signs but they can transmit infection to mares during mating or if their semen is used for artificial insemination. WikiVet Article: Equine arteritis virus & Link to webpage: Horserace Betting Levy Board Code of Practice for Equine Viral Arteritis. Incorrect. Equine encephalitis virus is not shed in semen. The shedder stallion is a very important source of equine arteritis virus. During clinical infection, the virus can localise in the accessory sex glands and so can be shed in the stallion's semen for weeks, months or even years. The fertility of these stallions is unaffected and there are no clinical signs but they can transmit infection to mares during mating or if their semen is used for artificial insemination. WikiVet Article: Equine arteritis virus & Link to webpage: Horserace Betting Levy Board Code of Practice for Equine Viral Arteritis.

6

In which breed of sheep is ulcerative balanoposthitis caused by Corynebacterium common? Merino Swaledale Charollais Dorset down Blackface Please select an option Correct! Ulcerative balanoposthitis is common in Merino sheep. Incorrect. Ulcerative balanoposthitis is common in Merino sheep. Incorrect. Ulcerative balanoposthitis is common in Merino sheep. Incorrect. Ulcerative balanoposthitis is common in Merino sheep. Incorrect. Ulcerative balanoposthitis is common in Merino sheep.

7

Broadly speaking, what is the definition of the term intersex? An individual with a XY genotype with testosterone producing but sterile gonads A developmental abnormality resulting in discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sex An individual which behaves like a male and may mount but has a sub anal genital opening An individual possessing gonads of one sex and the ducts and external genitalia of the opposite sex An individual possessing gonads of both sexes Please select an option Incorrect. An individual with a XY genotype with testosterone producing but sterile gonads has testicular feminisation which occurs in male pseudohermaphrodites. The sterile gonads are internal andthere is female external genitalia. This condition affects horses, it is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Correct!A developmental abnormality resulting in discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Incorrect. An individual which is a male pseudohermaphrodite may behave like a male and may mount but has a sub anal genital opening, as well as a prominent clitoris. This is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Incorrect. An individual possessing gonads of one sex and the ducts and external genitalia of the opposite sex is called a pseudohermaphrodite.This is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies Incorrect. An individual possessing gonads of both sexes is called a true hermaphrodite. This is a type of intersex but does not describe the term intersex. The correct answer is a developmental abnormality resulting in a discordance between genetic, gonadal or phenotypic sexin called intersex, it includes true hermaphrodites, pseudohermaphrodites and other forms of sex reversal. WikiVet Article: Development anomalies