Changes

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

The epidemiology of ''A.Suis'' is poorly understood, although it can be found in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased pigs, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via '''aerososl infection''' and '''invasion of the upper respiratory tract'''. It is thought to colonise piglets in the first three weeks of life but not all piglets become clinically affected and some can become carriers.  

The epidemiology of ''A.Suis'' is poorly understood, although it can be found in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased pigs, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via '''aerososl infection''' and '''invasion of the upper respiratory tract'''. Systemic disease can be seen when infected emboli spread haematogenously throughout the body adhering to the endothelium of blood vessels or becoming trapped in smaller vessels.  It is thought to colonise piglets in the first three weeks of life but not all piglets become clinically affected and some can become carriers.  

 

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

''A.Suis'' is difficult to culture and most of the O1 strains analyzed possess '''pustulan''' (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to ''A. suis''.  These antibodies may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)''' Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>, <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>.  For more information see [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| '''actinobacillosis in pigs''']].

''A.Suis'' is difficult to culture and most of the O1 strains analyzed possess '''pustulan''' (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to ''A. suis''.  These antibodies may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)''' Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>, <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>.  For more information see [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| '''actinobacillosis in pigs''']].