Changes

Other haemolytic strains of ''Actinobacillus species'' have been linked to various diseases in horses such as [[Actinobacillus equuli| ''Actinobacillus equuli'']] and [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle|''Actinobacillus ligneresii'']]. The latter species also causes [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle|wooden tongue in cattle]].  

Other haemolytic strains of ''Actinobacillus species'' have been linked to various diseases in horses such as [[Actinobacillus equuli| ''Actinobacillus equuli'']] and [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle|''Actinobacillus ligneresii'']]. The latter species also causes [[Actinobacillosis - Cattle|wooden tongue in cattle]].  

''A.suis'' have genes that encode toxins similar to apxI and apxII of [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae| ''A. pleuropneumoniae'']], but they are less virulent.  Once an animal is infected with ''A.suis'' it can provide partial '''cross protection against ''A. pleuropneumoniae'''''. A.suis strains are able to resist bile and serum.

''A.suis'' have genes that encode toxins similar to apxI and apxII of [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae| ''A. pleuropneumoniae'']], but they are less virulent.  Once an animal is infected with ''A.suis'' it can provide '''partial cross protection against ''A. pleuropneumoniae'''''. ''A.suis'' strains are able to resist bile and serum.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

''A.suis'' can infect all ages of pigs and it is thought that incidence of the disease is increasing, especially in North American high-health-status herds.

''A.suis'' can infect all ages of pigs and it is thought that incidence of the disease is increasing, especially in North American high-health-status herds.

Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including cattle, sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, cats and tentive links to equine disease have been recorded (although this is thought to be be an A.suis-like microorganism rather than A.suis itself). A.suis is not considered to be a zoonosis,but there is a report of a human infection after a pig bite <ref>Escande, F., Bailly, A., Bone, S., Lemozy, J. (1996)'''Actinobacillus suis infection after a pig bite'''. '''''Lancet''''' (British edition), 348(9031):888; 5 ref</ref>.

Wild hosts include anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Coypu] but A.suis can also affect domestic species including cattle, sheep, goats, alpacas, zebu, dogs, cats and tentive links to equine disease have been recorded (although this is thought to be be an ''A.suis''-like microorganism rather than ''A.suis'' itself). ''A.suis'' is not considered to be a zoonosis,but there is a report of a human infection after a pig bite <ref>Escande, F., Bailly, A., Bone, S., Lemozy, J. (1996)'''Actinobacillus suis infection after a pig bite'''. '''''Lancet''''' (British edition), 348(9031):888; 5 ref</ref>.

==Clinical signs==

==Clinical signs==

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

The epidemiology of''A.Suis'' is poorly understood.  ''A.Suis'' can be found in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased pigs, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via '''aerososl infection''' and '''invasion of the upper respiratory tract'''. It is thought to colonise piglets in the first three weeks of life but not all piglets become clinically affected and some can become carriers.  

The epidemiology of ''A.Suis'' is poorly understood.  ''A.Suis'' can be found in the tonsils and upper respiratory tract of both healthy and diseased pigs, and isolates are genetically and biochemically similar.  It is believed to be spread via '''aerososl infection''' and '''invasion of the upper respiratory tract'''. It is thought to colonise piglets in the first three weeks of life but not all piglets become clinically affected and some can become carriers.  

    

    

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

''A.Suis''is difficult to culture and most of the O1 strains analyzed possess pustulan (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to A. suis.  Thses antibodies may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)''' Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>, <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>.  For more information see [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| '''actinobacillosis in pigs''']].

''A.Suis'' is difficult to culture and most of the O1 strains analyzed possess '''pustulan''' (1-6,beta-D-glucan)which is a major component of fungal and lichen cell walls. Therefore, many animals have antibodies to this polysaccharide in the absence of exposure to A. suis.  These antibodies may provide naive pigs with some level of protection against the O1 strains <ref name="MacInnes and Desrosiers, 1999">MacInnes, J.I., Desrosiers, R.(1999)''' Agents of the "suis-ide diseases" of swine: Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Streptococcus suis'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 63(2):83-89; 52 ref.</ref>, <ref name="Slavic et al., 2000"/>.  For more information see [[Actinobacillosis - Pig| '''actinobacillosis in pigs''']].

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Worldwide

Worldwide

== References ==

== References ==

<references/>

<references/>

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