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{{Taxobox
|name = ''Anaplasma'' spp
|kingdom = Monera
|sub-kingdom = [[Bacteria]]
|phylum = Proteobacteria
|super-class =
|class =
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = [[Rickettsiales]]
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|family = Ehrlichiaceae
|sub-family =
|genus = Anaplasma
|species = ''Anaplasma marginale'' and others
}}
==Introduction==
[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rickettsial pathogens inside tick haemolymph cells. Source - Wikimedia Commons]]
''Anaplasma'' species are '''[[Rickettsiales | rickettsial]] [[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' pathogens that reside within host '''[[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]]'''.
''Anaplasmas'' cause '''[[Anaplasmosis]]''' and have worldwide distribution due to their wide range of vectors. Disease is most common in '''tropical''' regions.
==Lifecycle==
==Lifecycle==
''Anaplasmas'' are transmitted by a wide range of '''[[Ticks |tick]]''' species and other insects including the '''[[Ceratopogonidae |''Culicoides'' midge]]''' and other [[:Category:Biting Flies|biting flies]].
'''Maturation''' can occur only in '''tick''' hosts, flies acting as solely '''mechanical''' vectors.
Infectious bacteria reside and replicate within the '''salivary gland''' of the vector and are transmitted to mammalian hosts during bloodfeeding.
Infected [[erythrocytes]] are disrupted and release bodies which can then invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form '''vacuoles''' within the cytoplasmic membranes of the [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] and then undergo '''binary fission''' to form dense blue-purple round/cube shaped '''inclusion bodies'''.
This '''amplifies''' infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed.
For more information on ticks as disease vectors, se [[Tick Disease Transmission]].
==Pathogenesis==
Anaplasmosis causes '''haemolytic [[Anaemia | anaemia]]''' by damaging [[Erythrocytes | erythrocytes]].
==Diseases==
[[Anaplasmosis]] in domestic and wild ruminants and deer causes profound '''anaemia, emaciation, haematuria''' and consequent '''respiratory''' and '''neurological''' signs.
==''Anaplasma marginale''==
Most (70-80%) inclusion bodies are found at or close to the border of the erythrocyte.
Infects '''cattle''' causing '''severe''' [[Anaplasmosis | anaplasmosis]].
==''Anaplasma centrale''==
Infects primarily cattle.
Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.
==''Anaplasma mesaeterum'' and ''ovis''==
Infect mainly sheep and goats.
Usually cause mild disease only.
Inclusion bodies tend to be central within the red blood cells.
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Anaplasma%29/ Anaplasma Publications]
|flashcards = [[Anaplasmas Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
==References==
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94680&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Anaplasma centrale''], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94681&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Anaplasma mesaeterum''], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94683&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Anaplasma ovis''] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=94684 ''Anaplasma marginale'']
|date = June 4, 2011
}}
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{{Template:Nick Lyons
|date = October 16, 2011}}
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