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Anaplasmosis (view source)

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Also Known As: '''''Gall sickness''''' – '''''Gallsickness''''' – '''''Tick fever''''' (Australia) – '''''Tristeza''''' (Portugal)
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Also Known As: '''''Gall sickness''''' — '''''Gallsickness''''' — '''''Tick fever''''' (Australia) — '''''Tristeza''''' (Portugal)
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Caused by: '''''[[Anaplasma marginale]] – Anaplasma ovis – A. ovis – Ehrlichia bovis
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Caused by: '''''[[Anaplasmas|Anaplasma marginale — A. ovis — A. mesaeterum]] — Ehrlichia bovis
    
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
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[[File:Anasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Rickettsia'' sp. inside tick haemolymph cells (sourced from Wikimedia Commons)]]
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[[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Rickettsia'' sp. inside tick haemolymph cells (sourced from Wikimedia Commons)]]
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Anaplasmosis is a ruminant disease caused by the [[:Category:Rickettsiales|'''rickettsial''']] pathogens ''[[Anaplasma marginale]]'', ''A. ovis'', ''A. mesaeterum'' and ''Ehrlichia bovis''.   
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Anaplasmosis is a ruminant disease caused by the [[:Category:Rickettsiales|'''rickettsial''']] pathogens [[Anaplasmas|''Anaplasma marginale'', ''A. ovis'', ''A. mesaeterum'']] and ''Ehrlichia bovis''.   
 
These rickettsial parasites reside exclusively within the '''[[erythrocytes| red blood cells]]''' of their hosts.
 
These rickettsial parasites reside exclusively within the '''[[erythrocytes| red blood cells]]''' of their hosts.
    
Cattle, sheep, deer, antelope and wild ruminants can all be affected.  
 
Cattle, sheep, deer, antelope and wild ruminants can all be affected.  
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[[Anaplasma marginale | ''A. marginale'']] is usually the causative agent in cattle and wild ruminants, while ''A. ovis'' is most commonly isolated in sheep and goats.
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''A. marginale'' is usually the causative agent in cattle and wild ruminants, while ''A. ovis'' is most commonly isolated in sheep and goats.
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''A. central'' caused mild disease in cattle and is now the foundation for some vaccines.  
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''A. centrale'' caused mild disease in cattle and is now the foundation for some vaccines.  
 
''A. mesaeterum'' is similar to ''A. ovis'' but has a lower pathogenicity.
 
''A. mesaeterum'' is similar to ''A. ovis'' but has a lower pathogenicity.
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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Anaplasmosis occurs in '''tropical''' and subtropical regions, particularly South and Central America, USA, Africa, Australia and Southern Europe. This climate supports the insect and mechanical vectors required for transmission of the parasite.
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Anaplasmosis occurs most commonly in '''tropical''' and subtropical regions, particularly South and Central America, USA, Africa, Australia and Southern Europe. This climate supports the insect and mechanical vectors required for transmission of the parasite.
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==Transmission and Lifecycle==
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Its use of other insect vectors such as the [[Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides midge]] and biting flies mean that distribution of Anaplasmosis is inceasing all the time.
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Anaplasmosis is '''not directly contagious''' and most transmission occurs via ticks.
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Any stage of the tick’s lifecycle can become infected with Anaplasma organisms.
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After development within the tick, the final infective stage is within the '''salivary glands''' and is injected into the bloodstream of the host when the parasite bloodfeeds. Male ticks are more mobile and longer lived therefore may play a bigger role.
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See [[Tick Disease Transmission]] for more information on ticks as disease vectors.
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==Transmission==
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Anaplasmosis is '''not directly contagious''' and most transmission occurs via '''[[Ticks | ticks]]'''.  
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Infected [[erythrocytes]] are disrupted and release bodies which can invade other erythrocytes. These bodies form vacuoles within the cytoplasmic membranes of the [[erythrocytes | red blood cells]] and then undergo binary fission to form inclusion bodies. This amplifies infection within the host and increases the likelihood of transmission when insects bloodfeed.
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Other insects can be important vectors depending upon location, such as dipteran flies in the USA.
      
Cattle that recover become persistent '''carriers''' and although clinical signs do not recrudesce, sequential ricketssial lifecycles are ongoing and therefore reinfection of insect vectors and transmission to other vulnerable animals continues.  
 
Cattle that recover become persistent '''carriers''' and although clinical signs do not recrudesce, sequential ricketssial lifecycles are ongoing and therefore reinfection of insect vectors and transmission to other vulnerable animals continues.  
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==Clinical Signs==
 
==Clinical Signs==
 
'''Cardiovascular'''  
 
'''Cardiovascular'''  
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:Profound anaemia resulting in tachycardia and dyspnoea. Congestion of mucous membranes.
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:Profound anaemia resulting in tachycardia and dyspnoea. Congestion of mucous membranes which may be jaundiced.
    
'''Gastrointestinal'''  
 
'''Gastrointestinal'''  
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'''Urinary'''
 
'''Urinary'''
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:Red, brown or pink urine
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:Haemoglobinuria does '''not''' occur
    
'''Neurological signs'''  
 
'''Neurological signs'''  
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'''Other'''  
 
'''Other'''  
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:Swelling of the head, face and ears, general paresis/paralysis, rough hair coat
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:General paresis/paralysis, rough hair coat, weight loss
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Signs are often severely exacerbated by '''exercise'''.
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Signs are often severely exacerbated by '''exercise''' with caution needed not to overly stress animals during clinical examination which can lead to collapse and death.
    
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
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Serous effusions may be present in any body cavity. The spleen may be engorged and the kidneys congested.  
 
Serous effusions may be present in any body cavity. The spleen may be engorged and the kidneys congested.  
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Urine is dark yellow/brown due to the presence of [[Bilirubin | bilirubin]].
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Urine is dark yellow/brown due to the presence of [[Bilirubin | bilirubin]]. The absence of haemoglobinuria/haematuria is a useful sign to distinguish the condition from other differential diagnoses that present in a similar way.
    
==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
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Supportive treatment such as '''blood transfusions''' and appetite stimulants in severe cases may be required.
 
Supportive treatment such as '''blood transfusions''' and appetite stimulants in severe cases may be required.
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A long combined course of imidocarb and oxytetracycline can also be used to eliminate the carrier state.
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A long combined course of imidocarb and oxytetracycline can also be used to try and eliminate the carrier state. However, a trial into using oxytetracycline for this purpose showed it to be ineffective for this purpose <ref>Coetzee ''et al'' (2005) '''Comparison of three oxytetracycline regimes for the treatment of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle. '''''Veterinary Parasitology'' 127:61-73.</ref>.
    
==Control==
 
==Control==
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[[Tick Control|Control of the tick vector]] is viable but expensive.
 
[[Tick Control|Control of the tick vector]] is viable but expensive.
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{{Learning
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+Anaplasmosis/ Anaplasmosis Publications]
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|flashcards = [[Anaplasmosis Flashcards]]
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}}
    
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
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Animal Health & Production Compendium, Anaplasmosis datasheet, accessed online 02/06/2011 @ http://www.ahpc.org/
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[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemoatopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
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{{CABI source
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|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=94682&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Anaplasmosis]]
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|date = June 2, 2011
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}}
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<br><br><br>
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{{Nick Lyons
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|date = October 16, 2011}}
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{{OpenPages}}
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[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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[[Category:Anaemia|3]]
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[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]
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