Line 1: |
Line 1: |
− | {{toplink
| |
− | |backcolour =EED2EE
| |
− | |linkpage =Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology
| |
− | |linktext =Reproductive System
| |
− | |maplink = Reproductive System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
| |
− | |pagetype =Anatomy
| |
− | |sublink1=Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology#Reproductive Technologies
| |
− | |subtext1=REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
| |
− | }}
| |
− | <br>
| |
| [[Image:Artificial Insemination pig.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Sow</p><sup>Courtesy of Proff.Watson ©RVC 2008</sup>]] | | [[Image:Artificial Insemination pig.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Sow</p><sup>Courtesy of Proff.Watson ©RVC 2008</sup>]] |
| | | |
Line 23: |
Line 13: |
| == Semen Evaluation == | | == Semen Evaluation == |
| | | |
− | * Determine [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]] volume. | + | * Determine [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]] volume. |
| * Estimate the percentage displaying progressive motility (linear motion) at 37◦C. | | * Estimate the percentage displaying progressive motility (linear motion) at 37◦C. |
| * Determine sperm concentration. | | * Determine sperm concentration. |
Line 34: |
Line 24: |
| == Seminal Extenders == | | == Seminal Extenders == |
| | | |
− | * Extend the number of sperm in the original [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]]. | + | * Extend the number of sperm in the original [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]]. |
| * Extend the life of sperm. | | * Extend the life of sperm. |
| * Must be '''isotonic''' | | * Must be '''isotonic''' |
Line 73: |
Line 63: |
| * Fertility drops much faster either side of ovulation with frozen semen, especially in the sow. | | * Fertility drops much faster either side of ovulation with frozen semen, especially in the sow. |
| ** Hence, artificial insemination with frozen semen is rare in the sow. | | ** Hence, artificial insemination with frozen semen is rare in the sow. |
| + | |
| + | == Advantages == |
| + | |
| + | * Enables widespread use of good sires and the spread of valuable genetic material to even small farms. |
| + | * Permits crossbreeding more economically. |
| + | * Eliminates dangerous males. |
| + | * Research tool for reproductive pathology. |
| + | * Allows introduction of new genetics to be seen quicly in a population. |
| + | * Enables the use of semen (frozen) even after the donor is dead, thus preserving selected lines. |
| + | * Allows the use of semen from incapacitated males. |
| + | * Reduces the risk of spreading disease. |
| + | * Leads to improved herd performance. |
| + | * Reduced risk of injury to handlers. |
| + | * Dramatically improved genetic quality and diversity in many animals. |
| + | * Semen can be stored for optimal timing of insemination. |
| + | * Transporting semen is much cheaper than it would be to transport animals. |
| + | == Disadvantages == |
| + | |
| + | * If one animal can sire many offspring, it will make many animals redundant. |
| + | * Foals conceived by AI are not permitted in any stud book and are not allowed to race. |
| + | * Legislation is needed to provide necessary safeguards. |
| + | * High level of knowledge and skill are required. |
| + | * Need for government intervention and support. |
| + | * Slight risk of inseminating with the wrong semen. |
| + | * Animals which need to be inseminated very soon after ovulation (horses) require veterinary input. This may be expensive. |
| + | * Frozen semen cannot be used successfully in all species and fertility rates are lower with frozen semen than when fresh semen is used. |
| + | * Optimum fertility allows only a small window of time and transport of fresh semen is difficult. |
| | | |
| == Insemination Methods == | | == Insemination Methods == |
Line 84: |
Line 101: |
| * Success rate is 70% from a single insemination (same as natural service) | | * Success rate is 70% from a single insemination (same as natural service) |
| * Farmers inseminate the herd themselves. | | * Farmers inseminate the herd themselves. |
− | * A hand is used to grasp the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] of the cow and a delivery pipette is inserted through the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] into the uterine body which is felt with the index finger. | + | * A hand is used to grasp the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] of the cow and a delivery pipette is inserted through the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] into the uterine body which is felt with the index finger. |
− | * Allows further advance of the semen than natural insemination would reach ([[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|anterior vagina]]). | + | * Allows further advance of the semen than natural insemination would reach ([[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|anterior vagina]]). |
| * Only 2-8 million live sperm are required in the semen to achieve fertility in cattle. | | * Only 2-8 million live sperm are required in the semen to achieve fertility in cattle. |
| | | |
Line 97: |
Line 114: |
| === Sheep === | | === Sheep === |
| | | |
− | * The ewe has a convex [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] with overlapping folds. Insemination is into the internal os of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]]. | + | * The ewe has a convex [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] with overlapping folds. Insemination is into the internal os of the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]]. |
| * 0.25 ml or less is delivered by pipette. | | * 0.25 ml or less is delivered by pipette. |
− | * 70-75% conception rate is achieved with fresh semen, but only 5-15% with frozen semen due to the site of delivery being so far from the site of [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Fertilisation-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|fertilization]]. | + | * 70-75% conception rate is achieved with fresh semen, but only 5-15% with frozen semen due to the site of delivery being so far from the site of [[Fertilisation - Anatomy & Physiology|fertilization]]. |
| + | |
| | | |
| ==== Laparoscopic insemination ==== | | ==== Laparoscopic insemination ==== |
Line 130: |
Line 148: |
| | | |
| * Minimum volume 25-50ml | | * Minimum volume 25-50ml |
− | * Normally 80ml is delivered through the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] to reach the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|uterus]] by gravitational flow. | + | * Normally 80ml is delivered through the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] to reach the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] by gravitational flow. |
− | * Uses 2-3 billion sperm per insemination (60 billion in a normal ejaculate), so is relatively inefficient only giving ~20 inseminations per [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]]. | + | * Uses 2-3 billion sperm per insemination (60 billion in a normal ejaculate), so is relatively inefficient only giving ~20 inseminations per [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]]. |
| + | |
| + | |
| + | |
| | | |
− | === Horses ===
| |
| | | |
− | [[Image:AI Mare.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Mare</p><sup>© L.Wilkie 2008</sup>]]
| |
| | | |
− | * Gloved, lubricated hand is inserted directly into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]].
| |
− | * Index finger is used to guide the insemination pipette into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervical lumen]].
| |
− | * Marker used to guage the depth of insemination.
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| + | === Horses === |
| | | |
| + | [[Image:AI Mare.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Mare</p><sup>© L.Wilkie 2008</sup>]] |
| | | |
| + | * Gloved, lubricated hand is inserted directly into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]. |
| + | * Index finger is used to guide the insemination pipette into the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervical lumen]]. |
| + | * Marker used to guage the depth of insemination. |
| | | |
| | | |
Line 161: |
Line 182: |
| [[Image:AI Bitch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Bitch</p><sup>© L.Wilkie 2008</sup>]] | | [[Image:AI Bitch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Bitch</p><sup>© L.Wilkie 2008</sup>]] |
| | | |
− | * Vulva is elevated manually so that the ventral 'tilt' of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vestibule]] is removed. | + | * Vulva is elevated manually so that the ventral 'tilt' of the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vestibule]] is removed. |
| * Allows the insemination pipette to be inserted with relative ease. | | * Allows the insemination pipette to be inserted with relative ease. |
− | * Hindquarters of the bitch should be elevated for ~5 minutes after deposition of the semen to allow pooling in the anterior [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]] and caudal [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]]. | + | * Hindquarters of the bitch should be elevated for ~5 minutes after deposition of the semen to allow pooling in the anterior [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] and caudal [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]]. |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
| | | |
| | | |
− | | + | [[Category:Reproductive Technologies]] |
− | | + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | == Advantages ==
| |
− | | |
− | * Enables widespread use of good sires and the spread of valuable genetic material to even small farms.
| |
− | * Permits crossbreeding more economically.
| |
− | * Eliminates dangerous males.
| |
− | * Research tool for reproductive pathology.
| |
− | * Allows introduction of new genetics to be seen quicly in a population.
| |
− | * Enables the use of semen (frozen) even after the donor is dead, thus preserving selected lines.
| |
− | * Allows the use of semen from incapacitated males.
| |
− | * Reduces the risk of spreading disease.
| |
− | * Leads to improved herd performance.
| |
− | * Reduced risk of injury to handlers.
| |
− | * Dramatically improved genetic quality and diversity in many animals.
| |
− | * Semen can be stored for optimal timing of insemination.
| |
− | * Transporting semen is much cheaper than it would be to transport animals.
| |
− | == Disadvantages ==
| |
− | | |
− | * If one animal can sire many offspring, it will make many animals redundant.
| |
− | * Foals conceived by AI are not permitted in any stud book and are not allowed to race.
| |
− | * Legislation is needed to provide necessary safeguards.
| |
− | * High level of knowledge and skill are required.
| |
− | * Need for government intervention and support.
| |
− | * Slight risk of inseminating with the wrong semen.
| |
− | * Animals which need to be inseminated very soon after ovulation (horses) require veterinary input. This may be expensive.
| |
− | * Frozen semen cannot be used successfully in all species and fertility rates are lower with frozen semen than when fresh semen is used.
| |
− | * Optimum fertility allows only a small window of time and transport of fresh semen is difficult.
| |