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| + | #REDIRECT[[Ascarid Impaction - Horse]] |
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| − | {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
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| − | | Also known as:
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| − | |'''Colic in foals<br>
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| − | '''Impaction<br>
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| − | '''Simple Obstruction<br>
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| − | '''Small Intestinal Simple Obstruction<br>
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| − | '''Small Intestinal Obstruction<br>
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| − | '''Small Intestinal Impaction'''
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Foals younger than 6 months in poor condition, on a poor worming schedule and with a heavy parasite burden.<ref name="Bliks">Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref> Adult horses demonstrate age-related immunity which starts to develop from around 6 months and is substantial by about 15 months depending on worm exposure.
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| − | ==History==
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| − | Recent history (within the previous 24 hours) of being wormed with a product effective against ascarids.
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| − | ==Aetiology==
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| − | Products that cause sudden death<ref name="Bliks">Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref> or paralysis<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref> of ascarids, particularly [[Parascaris equorum|''Parascaris equorum'']] within the small intestine. Adult ascarids are large and thus readily cause small intestinal impaction.<ref name="Bliks">Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref> It has been suggested that disruption of the surface of the ascarid releases antigenic fluids that inhibit intestinal muscular activity, thereby increasing the likelihood of intestinal obstruction.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref> Anthelmintics that are suspected to induce episodes of ascarid impaction include<ref name="Cribb">Cribb, N.C, Cote, N.M, Boure, L.P, Peregrine, A.S (2006) Acute small intestinal obstruction associated with ''Parascaris equorum'' infection in young horses: 25 cases (9185-2004). ''N Z Vet J'', 54:338-343. In: Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref>:
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| − | *Organophosphates
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| − | *[[Macrocyclic Lactones|Ivermectin]]
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| − | *Pyrantel pamoate
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| − | *Piperazine
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | *Acute onset mild to severe colic after administration of anthelmintic (onset varies with degree of obstruction<ref name="Cribb">Cribb, N.C, Cote, N.M, Boure, L.P, Peregrine, A.S (2006) Acute small intestinal obstruction associated with ''Parascaris equorum'' infection in young horses: 25 cases (9185-2004). ''N Z Vet J'', 54:338-343. In: Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref>)
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| − | *Signs compatible with [[Colic Diagnosis - Clinical Signs|small intestinal obtruction]]<ref name="Bliks">Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref>
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| − | **[[Colic Diagnosis - Naso-gastric Intubation|Nasogastric reflux]] (occasionally dead parasites are seen in reflux)
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| − | *The foal may be in poor body condition with a poor coat, pot-bellied appearance and stunted growth.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>
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| − | ==[[:Category:Colic_Diagnosis_in_the_Horse|Diagnosis]]==
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| − | *History
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| − | *[[Colic Diagnosis - Clinical Signs|Clinical signs]] referable to small intestinal obstruction
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| − | *Abdominal imaging (radiography and [[Colic Diagnosis - Abdominal Ultrasound|ultrasonography]]) may demonstrate multiple loops of distended small intestine, but imaging is not required if the clinical presentation indicates immediate surgery.<ref name="Bliks">Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref>
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| − | ==Treatment<ref name="Bliks">Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref>==
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| − | *[[Colic, Medical Treatment|'''Medical treatment:''']] immediate treatment of hypovolaemic shock resulting from sequestration of fluid in small intestine
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| − | *'''Surgical treatment:''' enterotomy made over the intraluminal impaction and removal of ascarids
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | Fair in cases that are rapidly treated but poor in foals with evidence of hypovolaemia and septic shock. Surgical cases also carry a poorer prognosis than cases which are resolved medically.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref> In a recent study, long term survival of 25 affected horses was 33%.<ref name="Cribb">Cribb, N.C, Cote, N.M, Boure, L.P, Peregrine, A.S (2006) Acute small intestinal obstruction associated with ''Parascaris equorum'' infection in young horses: 25 cases (9185-2004). ''N Z Vet J'', 54:338-343. In: Blikslager, A.T (2010) ''Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Chapter 15, ''Saunders''.</ref>: Failure to relieve the impaction may lead to intestinal rupture.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.</ref>
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| − | ==Prevention==
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| − | *Regular worming programme until at least 15 months of age that prevents a build-up of large ascarid burdens in the foal:
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| − | **Macrocyclic lactones (Ivermectin in Equimax® or Eqvalan® paste) 0.2mg/kg at 60 day intervals (NB: NOT the drug of choice because resistance is widespread)
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| − | **Tetrahydropyrimidines (Pyrantel embonate in Strongid-P® paste) 19mg/kg PO: for foals over 4 weeks of age up to eight months - dose every four weeks. For horses over eight months of age routinely dose every 6 to 8 weeks, but during the summer and
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| − | autumn when at grass dose every 4 to 6 weeks. Always dose three to four days before turning out after
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| − | in-wintering.
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| − | **Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole in Panacur®) 10mg/kg PO at 56 day intervals
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| − | *For foals that have not been on a controlled programme or if a large burden is suspected:
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| − | **Fenbendazole at 5mg/kg PO (lower dose with only 50% efficacy against ''Parasacaris'')
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| − | **Followed one week later by a full dose of Fenbendazole at 10mg/kg PO
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| − | *Regular faecal worm egg counts should be conducted to monitor the effects of the anthelmintic schedule and the presence of resistance
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| − | *Clean pasture management including the regular removal of faeces
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| − | *The worming programme for adult horses should reflect the circumstances and efficiency of clean pasture management. A strategic or targeted startegic dosing plan is recommended.
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| − | *Thorough cleaning of stables that have been occupied by foals or weanlings
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| − | *Bathe mare and clean udder before arrival at foaling premises to remove any ascarid eggs on the coat
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| − | ==References==
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| − | Pasquini, C, Pasquini, S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''' (Third edition), ''SUDZ Publishing''
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| − | <references/>
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| − | [[Category:Colic_in_Horses]]
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| − | [[Category:To_Do_-_Nina]]
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