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− | Also Known As — '''''Infectious coryza''''' — '''''Infectious Bronchitis''''' — '''''Infectious Proventriculitis''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Nephrosis''''' — '''''Avian Infectious Nephrosis''''' | + | {{OpenPagesTop}} |
| + | {{Podcasts |
| + | |link = http://media.bloomsburymediacloud.org/podcasts/wikivet-english/avian-infectious-bronchitis}} |
| + | Also Known As: '''''Infectious Bronchitis''''' |
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− | Caused By — ''Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'' — ''AIBV'' — ''ICTV'' — ''IBV'' — ''AIB'' — ''IB'' | + | Caused By: '''''Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus'' '''also know as:''' ''AIBV'' — ''IBV'' — ''AIB'' — ''IB''''' |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
− | Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a '''highly contagious''' viral disease primarily of the '''[[Respiratory System | respiratory system]]''' of birds, caused by a '''[[Coronaviridae | coronavirus]]'''. | + | Avian Infectious Bronchitis is a '''highly contagious''' viral disease primarily of the '''[[:Category:Avian Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory system]]''' of birds, caused by a '''[[Coronaviridae | coronavirus]]'''. |
− | The virus can also cause damage to the '''[[Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology | kidneys]]''' and '''[[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology | oviducts]]'''. | + | The virus can also cause damage to the '''[[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidneys]]''' and '''[[Avian Female Reproductive System|oviducts]]'''. |
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| IBV is transmitted mainly by '''aerosols''' and also by contaminated people/vehicles/equipment. | | IBV is transmitted mainly by '''aerosols''' and also by contaminated people/vehicles/equipment. |
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− | It can become '''latent''' in a bird and recrudesce with '''stress''', e.g. at point of lay. | + | It can become '''persistent''' in a bird and recrudesce with '''stress''', e.g. at point of lay. |
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− | This disease is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ {OIE)]
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| ==Signalment== | | ==Signalment== |
− | Chickens, pigeons and pheasants are affected. | + | Chickens are the only known natural host of IBV. Other birds are affected by genetically similar yet distinct avian coronaviruses. |
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| Disease is most severe in chicks. | | Disease is most severe in chicks. |
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| '''Reduced weight gain''' or '''egg production''' and reluctance to move is often the first indicator of disease. | | '''Reduced weight gain''' or '''egg production''' and reluctance to move is often the first indicator of disease. |
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− | '''Mortality''' often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to ''E. coli'' and ''Mycoplasma'' infections. Mortality is highest in intensively reared broiler flocks. | + | '''Mortality''' often occurs due to secondary infection, particularly due to [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']] and [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']] infections. |
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− | '''Sneezing, Coughing, Dyspnoea''', Ingesta present in respiratory passages, Nasal discharge, Abnormal lung sounds on auscultation
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− | '''Diarrhoea, dehydration''', polydipsia
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− | '''Polyuria, Pollakiuria'''
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− | Reluctance to move
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− | Swelling of the head and face
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− | Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge
| + | Respiratory Signs: |
| + | :'''Sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea, tracheal rales''', ingesta present in respiratory passages, nasal discharge, abnormal lung sounds on auscultation |
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− | '''Soft egg shells''', thin albumin and watery yolks | + | Alimentary and Urinary Signs: |
| + | :'''Wet droppings, dehydration''', polydipsia |
| + | :'''Polyuria, Pollakiuria''' |
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− | Neurological signs
| + | Other Signs: |
| + | :Reluctance to move |
| + | :Swelling of the head and face |
| + | :Conjunctival congestion and increased lacrimation or ocular discharge |
| + | :'''Soft egg shells''', thin albumin and watery yolks |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
− | In the acute phase, '''viral isolation''' can be attempted from eggs, tracheal swabs or tracheal/lung biopsies. | + | In the acute phase, '''viral isolation''' can be attempted from tracheal swabs or tracheal/lung biopsies. |
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| If more than one week after initial infection, caecal tonsils or cloacal swabs are more reliable. | | If more than one week after initial infection, caecal tonsils or cloacal swabs are more reliable. |
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− | '''RT-PCR''' can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs but will not differentiate live from dead virus isolate | + | '''RT-PCR''' can be performed on buccal or oropharyngeal swabs. |
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− | '''Agar Gel Precipitation''' and '''Immunofluorescent Antibody''' (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect virus. | + | '''Agar Gel Precipitation''' and '''Immunofluorescent Antibody''' (IFAT) tests can also be used to detect the virus. |
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| On '''post-mortem examination''', '''yellow catarrhal or caseous exudates''' are present in the trachea, nasal passages, sinuses and air sacs. | | On '''post-mortem examination''', '''yellow catarrhal or caseous exudates''' are present in the trachea, nasal passages, sinuses and air sacs. |
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− | On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with '''[[Heterophils | heterophilic infiltration]]''' is evident. | + | On histopathology of the trachea, loss of cilia and sloughing with '''[[Heterophils |heterophilic infiltration]]''' is evident. |
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| The kidneys are '''pale and swollen''' and tubules distended with '''urates''' if nephritis is also present. Heterophilic inflammation and degeneration may be evident. | | The kidneys are '''pale and swollen''' and tubules distended with '''urates''' if nephritis is also present. Heterophilic inflammation and degeneration may be evident. |
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− | Detection of '''viral antibodies''' is also valuable in surveillance, monitoring of vaccination and identification of latently infected birds. This can be performed using '''Agar Gel Immunodiffusion''' (AGID) , [[ELISA testing | ELISA]], Virus Neutralisation (VN) and Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI). | + | Detection of '''viral antibodies''' is also valuable in surveillance and monitoring of vaccination. This can be performed using [[Immunodiffusion|'''Agar Gel Immunodiffusion''' (AGID)]] , [[ELISA testing |ELISA]], Virus Neutralisation (VN) and [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI)]]. |
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| RT-PCR, VN and HI can also be used to type IBV isolates. | | RT-PCR, VN and HI can also be used to type IBV isolates. |
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| ==Control== | | ==Control== |
− | '''Live and Killed IBV vaccines''' are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections or sprays. Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first. | + | '''Live and Killed IBV vaccines''' are available and widely used but cross-protection is poor and numerous serotypes exist so disease is not always prevented. Vaccinations can be administered as intra-muscular injections (killed vaccines) or sprays/drinking water (live vaccines). Killed vaccines used alone do not induce immunity and therefore live vaccines are required to prime immunity first. |
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| + | Good '''biosecurity''' and '''hygiene''' protocols are imperative to control this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to '''ventilation''' and '''air quality'''. |
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− | Good biosecurity and hygiene protocols are imperative to control of this highly contagious disease. Particular efforts should be made with respect to '''ventilation''' and '''air quality'''.
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| {{Learning | | {{Learning |
− | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Avian+Infectious+Bronchitis%29 | Avian Infectious Bronchitis Publications] | + | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Avian+Infectious+Bronchitis%29/ Avian Infectious Bronchitis Publications] |
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| |flashcards = [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis Flashcards]] | | |flashcards = [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis Flashcards]] |
| }} | | }} |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
− | <references/>
| + | Cavanagh, D. and Gelb Jr, J. (2008) '''Infectious Bronchitis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 117-135 |
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| + | Cook, J.K.A. (2007) '''Coronaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 340-350 |
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| Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Avian Infectious Bronchitis datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ | | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Avian Infectious Bronchitis datasheet''', accessed 04/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ |
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− | ==Test yourself with AIB Flashcards== | + | {{CABI source |
− | [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis Flashcards]] | + | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=92907&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 avian infectious bronchitis] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=92904&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 avian infectious bronchitis virus] |
| + | |date = 25/06/2011 |
| + | }} |
| + | <br><br> |
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| + | {{Dave Cavanagh |
| + | |date = 23 August 2011 |
| + | }} |
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| + | {{OpenPages}} |
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− | [[Category:To Do - CABI review]] | + | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]] |
| + | [[Category:Avian Viruses]] |
| + | [[Category:Coronaviridae]] |
| + | [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] |