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Disease is more severe when combined with '''other immunosuppressive agents''' such as [[Infectious Bursal Disease]] and also with cold stress and poor nutrition.
Disease is more severe when combined with '''other immunosuppressive agents''' such as [[Infectious Bursal Disease]] and also with cold stress and poor nutrition.
In cases of '''baby chick nephropathy''', incidence peaks at ~5 days of age, and mortality rates may rise to 6%. This condition is thought to occur at a low level in most broiler flocks and is exacerbated by many factors.<ref>Jones, B. A. H (1992) '''Avian nephritis virus'''. Publication - ''Veterinary Continuing Education, Massey University'', No. 147:53-58; [Proceedings Solvay chicken health course, Massey University, 1992]; 12</ref>
In cases of '''baby chick nephropathy''', incidence peaks at ~5 days of age, and mortality rates may rise to 6%. This condition is thought to occur at a low level in most broiler flocks and is exacerbated by many factors.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Maternal antibodies are usually protective so immunisation of breeding hens is potentially possible but no vaccine is available despite experimental success. This is due to the economic impact of AN being unclear, and knowledge of avian astroviruses insufficient, and therefore investment seeming unjustified.
Maternal antibodies are usually protective so immunisation of breeding hens is potentially possible but no vaccine is available despite experimental success. This is due to the economic impact of AN being unclear, and knowledge of avian astroviruses insufficient, and therefore investment seeming unjustified.
An '''all-in-all-out policy''', thorough emptying of sheds between batches and formaldehyde disinfection have all been demonstrated to reduce incidence of AN and ISS.<ref>Reece, R, Frazier, J (1991) '''Infectious stunting syndrome breakthrough'''. ''Poultry International,'' Nov:16-24.</ref>
An '''all-in-all-out policy''', thorough emptying of sheds between batches and formaldehyde disinfection have all been demonstrated to reduce incidence of AN and ISS.
Reducing exposure to cold weather, dehydration, transport, overcrowding and other diseases which may be immunosuppressive are also key to prevention of AN.
Reducing exposure to cold weather, dehydration, transport, overcrowding and other diseases which may be immunosuppressive are also key to prevention of AN.
==References==
==References==
Gough, R.E. and McNulty, M.S. (2007) '''Astroviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 392-398
Imada, T. (2008) '''Avian Nephritis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 409-413
Reynolds, D.L. and Schultz-Cherry S.L. (2008) '''Astrovirus Infections'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 351-355
{{CABI source
{{CABI source
|date = 20/06/2011
|date = 20/06/2011
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This article was reviewed by Prof Dave Cavanagh BSc, PhD, DSc on 23/08/11.
[[Category:Astroviridae]]
[[Category:Astroviridae]]
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Birds]][[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Urological Diseases - Birds]][[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
[[Category:Avian Viruses]]
[[Category:Avian Viruses]]
[[Category:Expert Review Completed]]