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'''Primary bloat''', or frothy bloat is the most common type of bloat, and usually affects several animals in a group at once. The condition can occur in feedlot cattle but is most frequently associated with cattle grazing lush, leguminous pastures. It occurs following the ingestion of large amounts of succulent green plant material which is highly fermentable and produces large amounts of gas. The material also contains high levels of soluble proteins, these act as foaming agents by reducing surface tension but increasing surface viscosity of rumenal liquids and a stable rumenal foam forms. The [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] of the plant material consumed lower the rumenal pH and optimise conditions for the formation of froth. Gas present as foam is insufficient to trigger eructation, and so the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] becomes distended.

'''Primary bloat''', or frothy bloat is the most common type of bloat, and usually affects several animals in a group at once. The condition can occur in feedlot cattle but is most frequently associated with cattle grazing lush, leguminous pastures. It occurs following the ingestion of large amounts of succulent green plant material which is highly fermentable and produces large amounts of gas. The material also contains high levels of soluble proteins, these act as foaming agents by reducing surface tension but increasing surface viscosity of rumenal liquids and a stable rumenal foam forms. The [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] of the plant material consumed lower the rumenal pH and optimise conditions for the formation of froth. Gas present as foam is insufficient to trigger eructation, and so the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]] becomes distended.

===Seconday bloat===

===Secondary bloat===

Secondary bloat or free gas bloat results from any condition that causes oesophageal obstruction or interferes with eructation. It usually affects a single animal in a group and generally has a more sporadic occurance.   

Secondary bloat or free gas bloat results from any condition that causes oesophageal obstruction or interferes with eructation. It usually affects a single animal in a group and generally has a more sporadic occurrence.   

It may be '''acute''' in the case of sudden oesophageal obstruction, caused by a foreign body such as a potatoe or turnip, or '''chronic''' resulting from partial oesophageal obstruction,  compression, or from interference with normal eructation.

It may be '''acute''' in the case of sudden oesophageal obstruction, caused by a foreign body such as a potatoe or turnip, or '''chronic''' resulting from partial oesophageal obstruction,  compression, or from interference with normal eructation.

Causes of secondary bloat:

Causes of secondary bloat:

*Physical oesophageal obstruction

*Physical oesophageal obstruction

*Leisions of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or [[Oesophageal groove|oesophageal groove]] such as tumours, abcessation or infection with [[Actinobacillus lignieresii|Actinobacillus lignieresii.]]

*Lesions of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] or [[Oesophageal groove|oesophageal groove]] such as tumours, abcessation or infection with [[Actinobacillus lignieresii|Actinobacillus lignieresii.]]

*Prolonged lateral recumbency

*Prolonged lateral recumbency

*Excessive cereal ingestion   

*Excessive cereal ingestion   

Primary, or frothy bloat is relieved by drenching with an antifoaming agent containing silicone or poloxalene, such as '''Bloat Guard''' or '''Birp''', or a '''vegetable oil''' mixed with '''detergent'''. Clinical signs should improve within one hour, if there is still no resolution after a second dose then alternative diagnoses should be considered.  

Primary, or frothy bloat is relieved by drenching with an antifoaming agent containing silicone or poloxalene, such as '''Bloat Guard''' or '''Birp''', or a '''vegetable oil''' mixed with '''detergent'''. Clinical signs should improve within one hour, if there is still no resolution after a second dose then alternative diagnoses should be considered.  

In peracute cases where the bloat is life treatening an emergency '''rumenotomy''' should be performed.  

In peracute cases where the bloat is life threatening an emergency '''rumenotomy''' should be performed.  

Secondary bloat can be relieved by passage of a stomach tube in most cases. There will be instantaneous relief as the gas is released. In cases where the oesophagus is completely obstructed so that a stomach tube cannot be passed a 5mm diameter trochar and cannula should be passed into the rumen via the left paralumbar fossa.

Secondary bloat can be relieved by passage of a stomach tube in most cases. There will be instantaneous relief as the gas is released. In cases where the oesophagus is completely obstructed so that a stomach tube cannot be passed a 5mm diameter trochar and cannula should be passed into the rumen via the left paralumbar fossa.

[[Category:Forestomach - Nutritional Pathology]][[Category:Cattle]]

[[Category:Forestomach - Nutritional Pathology]][[Category:Cattle]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]