Changes

Also known as: '''''BTV — Bluetongue

Also known as: '''''BTV — Bluetongue

===Pathology===

===Pathology===

A haemorrhagic gross pathology of BTV infection reflects the endothelial damage responsible for disease pathogenesis^{1, 4, 10, 12}. Certain lesions have been described as "pathognomic" for bluetongue: these include necrosis of the papillary muscle in the left ventricle, and haemorrhage in pulmonary arterial wall. However, these lesions may be difficult to visualise in mild or recovering cases and may occasionally occur in other diseases such as [[Pulpy Kidney|pulpy kidney]] disease or Rift Valley fever.  

A haemorrhagic gross pathology of BTV infection reflects the endothelial damage responsible for disease pathogenesis^{1, 4, 10, 12}. Certain lesions have been described as "pathognomic" for bluetongue: these include necrosis of the papillary muscle in the left ventricle, and haemorrhage in pulmonary arterial wall. However, these lesions may be difficult to visualise in mild or recovering cases and may occasionally occur in other diseases such as [[Pulpy Kidney|pulpy kidney]] disease or [[Rift Valley Fever]].  

In addition to these characteristic lesions, the oral mucosa is found to be hyperaemic and oedematous and occasionally cyanotic on post-mortem examination, and petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhages may be present. The ruminal pillars and omasal folds can also appear hyperaemic, and abrasions may be seen on the lips, dental pad, tongue and cheeks. These are sometimes covered by grey necrotic material. Moderate lymphomegaly and splenomegaly are apparent, and there are areas of necrosis in the skeletal musculature. Pulmonary oedema and catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is seen in some cases.

In addition to these characteristic lesions, the oral mucosa is found to be hyperaemic and oedematous and occasionally cyanotic on post-mortem examination, and petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhages may be present. The ruminal pillars and omasal folds can also appear hyperaemic, and abrasions may be seen on the lips, dental pad, tongue and cheeks. These are sometimes covered by grey necrotic material. Moderate lymphomegaly and splenomegaly are apparent, and there are areas of necrosis in the skeletal musculature. Pulmonary oedema and catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is seen in some cases.

In addition to movement restrictions, surveillance for disease and vectors is implemented as necessary in an outbreak, and relevant communications are made to livestock owners and veterinary surgeons to advise of the measures in place. The aim at all times is to tightly control disease, with an aim to eradication, and vaccination will normally play a large part in this according to plans laid out by DEFRA. A test and slaugher policy is not used, because BTV is not transmitted directly between susceptible animals.

In addition to movement restrictions, surveillance for disease and vectors is implemented as necessary in an outbreak, and relevant communications are made to livestock owners and veterinary surgeons to advise of the measures in place. The aim at all times is to tightly control disease, with an aim to eradication, and vaccination will normally play a large part in this according to plans laid out by DEFRA. A test and slaugher policy is not used, because BTV is not transmitted directly between susceptible animals.

==Literature Search==

[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

|flashcards = [[Cattle Medicine Q&A 06]]

 

|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=title:(Bluetongue)+OR+(%22Blue+tongue%22)&occuring1=freetext&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=42&y=4 Bluetongue publications since 2000]

 

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=title:(Bluetongue)+OR+(%22Blue+tongue%22)&occuring1=freetext&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=42&y=4 Bluetongue publications since 2000]

==Links==

==Links==

 

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[[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]] [[Category:Brian Aldridge reviewing]]

[[Category:Oral Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Goat]]

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