Changes

The acetabulum is contributed to by all of the above bones. The acetabulum is surrounded by an ''acetabular rim'' and the depth of the acetabulum varies depending on breed, shape of pelvis and hip conformation.

The acetabulum is contributed to by all of the above bones. The acetabulum is surrounded by an ''acetabular rim'' and the depth of the acetabulum varies depending on breed, shape of pelvis and hip conformation.

===Pelvic Girdle===

===Pelvic Girdle===

In canines the wings of the ilium are much more oblique conformation when compared to large animals and this allows the muscles of the pelvis floor to be displaced laterally over a wider area when compared to the vertebral column. This increases the efficiency and therefore power of the abdominal muscles which allows a greater degree of flexibility of the vertebral column which is essential for faster locomotion and agility. Canines also have relatively caudal displaced ''ishial tuber'' which increases the leverage of the hamstring muscles onto the hindlimbs providing further efficiency improvements for locomotion.

In canines the wings of the ilium have a much more oblique conformation when compared to large animals and this allows the muscles of the pelvis floor to be displaced laterally over a wider area when compared to the vertebral column. This increases the efficiency and therefore power of the abdominal muscles which allows a greater degree of flexibility of the vertebral column which is essential for faster locomotion and agility. Canines also have relatively caudally displaced ''ishial tuber'' which increase the leverage of the hamstring muscles onto the hindlimbs providing further efficiency improvements for locomotion.

=Forelimb=

=Forelimb=

[[File:Dog fore limb 1.JPG|thumb|centre|350px|Canine Forelimb, Moscow State University Department of Biology, Kirill Tsukanov, 2012]]

[[File:Dog fore limb 1.JPG|thumb|centre|450px|Canine Forelimb, Moscow State University Department of Biology, Kirill Tsukanov, 2012]]

==Proximal Forelimb & Shoulder==

==Proximal Forelimb & Shoulder==

===Scapula===

===Scapula===

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====Tibia & Fibula====

====Tibia & Fibula====

Moving distally the stifle allows articulation between the '''tibia'''. The tibia has intimately related to the fibula which is a much smaller bone that runs parallel to the tibia. The tibia is medial to the fibula and effectively excludes the fibula from articulating with the femur. Proximally the tibia has two condyles to facilitate articulation wioth the femur. These condyles are seperated by a ''caudal popliteal notch'' that allows insertion of the popliteal muscle. The articular surfaces of the tibial condyles correspond to the condyles of the distal femur. The articular surface of the tibia also has small depressions and ridges that allow cruciate ligament attachment within the joint. Slightly distal to the tibial condyles and on the cranial aspect is the large and prominent ''tibial tuberosity'' which is continued distally on the cranial aspect of the tibia via the ''tibial crest'' which gradually reduces distally. Proximally and caudally, the articular surface of the tibia also proves a small facet for articulation with the fibula. The shape of the tibia proximally is triangular in cross-section but distally the tibia becomes more craniocaudally compressed. The distal point of the tibia has an articular surface called the ''cochlea'' which facilitates movement with the ''trochlea'' of the '''talus'''. The cochlea has a central bony prominence which is flanked medially and laterally with grooves. The medial cochlea has a bony salience called the ''medial malleolus''.  

Moving distally the stifle allows articulation between the '''tibia'''. The tibia has intimately related to the fibula which is a much smaller bone that runs parallel to the tibia. The tibia is medial to the fibula and effectively excludes the fibula from articulating with the femur. Proximally the tibia has two condyles to facilitate articulation with the femur. These condyles are seperated by a ''caudal popliteal notch'' that allows insertion of the popliteal muscle. The articular surfaces of the tibial condyles correspond to the condyles of the distal femur. The articular surface of the tibia also has small depressions and ridges that allow cruciate ligament attachment within the joint. Slightly distal to the tibial condyles and on the cranial aspect is the large and prominent ''tibial tuberosity'' which is continued distally on the cranial aspect of the tibia via the ''tibial crest'' which gradually reduces distally. Proximally and caudally, the articular surface of the tibia also provides a small facet for articulation with the fibula. The shape of the tibia proximally is triangular in cross-section but distally the tibia becomes more craniocaudally compressed. The distal point of the tibia has an articular surface called the ''cochlea'' which facilitates movement with the ''trochlea'' of the '''talus'''. The cochlea has a central bony prominence which is flanked medially and laterally with grooves. Medially the cochlea has a bony salience called the ''medial malleolus''.  

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====Phalanges====

====Phalanges====

The bone anatomy of the hindlimb phalanges is identical to that of the forelimbs and therefore has not been repeated here. For more detailed anatomy of the phalanges, please see the forelimb distal limb section above.

The bone anatomy of the hindlimb phalanges is identical to that of the forelimbs and therefore has not been repeated here. For more detailed anatomy of the phalanges, please see the forelimb distal limb section above.