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[[Category:To Do - CABI]]
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Also Known As: ''''' BEV — Enteric Cytopathic Bovine Orphan Virus — ECBO'''''
==Introduction==
Bovine enterovirus is a small '''RNA [[Picornaviridae|picornavirus]]''' causing '''[[:Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle|reproductive]], [[:Category:Alimentary Diseases - Cattle|gastrointestinal]] and [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle|respiratory]] disease in cattle.''' Most have a low virulence.
The [[:Category:Enteroviruses|enteroviruses]] multiply primarily in the gastrointestinal tract but also in the muscles and nervous tissue. There are 10 recognised serotypes within 2 serogroups.
BEV is also often found '''concurrently with other diseases''', including [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle|respiratory disease]], abortions, [[rhinitis]] and [[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis|shipping fever]].
Careful diagnosis is required due to serological and virological similarities with [[Foot and Mouth Disease]].
BEV is not zoonotic.
==Distribution==
Worldwide
Ubiquitous among cattle populations globally.
==Signalment==
Serotype 1 has been found in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, deer ad wild cattle.
Those viruses in serotype 2 have only been isolated from domestic cattle. All ages and breeds are susceptible.
Transmission is '''faecal:oral''' and airborne and the virus is highly resistant to environmental challenges.
==Clinical Signs==
Reproductive disease is the '''most common''' clinical presentation manifesting as '''abortion, stillbirths, infertility and neonatal deaths.'''
'''[[Diarrhoea]]''' with mucus and dark colour may also be seen as well as pyrexia, dehydration and weight loss. Dairy cows will show '''60-70% reduction in milk yield'''. Respiratory signs may include mucoid nasal discharge.
Infected cattle '''disseminate the virus continually through their faeces and nasal discharge''' and this can continue for more than three months after apparent recovery.
No clinical signs are pathognomic.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis partially relies upon '''ruling out''' other possible causes of the clinical signs.
BEV can be '''isolated''' from faeces, oesophageal scrapings, vaginal mucosa, rectal swabs, semen, blood, placenta, foetal materials and fluids, lungs, salivary glands, small intestine, lymph nodes, nasal swabs and other organs.
The virus can then be '''morphologically identified''' by electron microscopy, PCR, [[Complement Fixation]], [[Immunofluorescence|Antibody fluorescence]] and [[Haemagglutination|haemagglutination]].
'''Serum neutralisation can detect antibodies''' to BEV.
==Treatment==
'''No specific treatment''' is available. Symptomatic treatment may improve recovery and demeanour.
==Control==
'''Isolation and adequate disinfection''' are important in containing outbreaks.
No vaccine is available.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Bovine Enterovirus Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91726&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 bovine enterovirus] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=91707&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 bovine enterovirus infection]
|date = 16 June 2011
}}
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[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Enteroviruses]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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