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Bovine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 19:34, 27 October 2022
, 19:34, 27 October 2022no edit summary
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==Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder==
==Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder==
===Metacarpal bones===
===Metacarpal bones===
These are covered in detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section.
These are covered in detail in the [[Bovine Lower Limb - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine lower limb]] section.
==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==
==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==
:Innervated by: brachial plexus
:Innervated by: brachial plexus
:Two superficial parts, cranial and caudal, these aren't very distinct in the ox.
:Two superficial parts, cranial and caudal, these aren't very distinct in the ox.
Origin: cranial sternum.
:Origin: cranial sternum.
:Insertion:
:Insertion:
::cranial ('''descending'''), crest of the humerus distal to the deltoid tuberosity.
::cranial ('''descending'''), crest of the humerus distal to the deltoid tuberosity.
:Action: Flexor of Shoulder.
:Action: Flexor of Shoulder.
'''''Teres Major''''': Axillary n. of the brachial plexus.
'''''Teres Major''''':
:Innervated by: Axillary n. of the brachial plexus.
:Origin: dorsal part of the caudal scapula.
:Insertion: teres tuberosity midway down humerus.
'''''Teres Minor''''':
:Innervated by: Axillary n. of the brachial plexus.
There are no defined extensors of the shoulder. Those involved (brachiocephalic m., biceps brachii, supraspinatus, and ascending pectorals) have other, more primary roles.
There are no defined extensors of the shoulder. Those involved (brachiocephalic m., biceps brachii, supraspinatus, and ascending pectorals) have other, more primary roles.
==Muscles of the Elbow==
==Muscles of the Elbow==
===Extensors===
===Extensors===
'''''Triceps brachii''''': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
'''''Triceps brachii''''':
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus
Has three heads, the medial branch is the most developed. The long head is at the caudal margin of the scapula; The lateral, medial, and accessory heads are at the shaft of the humerus.
:Has three heads, the medial branch is the most developed. The long head is at the caudal margin of the scapula; The lateral, medial, and accessory heads are at the shaft of the humerus.
:Insertion: olecranon, proteced by tricipital bursa against the bone and subcutaneous bursa against the skin.
Insertion: olecranon, proteced by tricipital bursa against the bone and subcutaneous bursa against the skin.
Overlies the triceps extending from the scapula to the olecranon.
'''''Tensor fasciae antebrachii''''':
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus.
:Overlies the triceps extending from the scapula to the olecranon.
===Flexors===
===Flexors===
'''''Biceps brachii''''': Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus.
'''''Biceps brachii''''':
:Innervated by:Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus.
Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
:Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
:Insertion: medial tuberosity of proximal radius and adjacent ulna. It runs through the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Insertion: medial tuberosity of proximal radius and adjacent ulna. It runs through the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Insertion: spirals to insert next to biceps.
'''''Brachialis''''':
:Innervated by: Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus.
:Origin: proximocaudal humerus.
:Insertion: spirals to insert next to biceps.
==Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints==
==Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints==
'''''Extensor carpi radialis'''''
'''''Extensor carpi radialis'''''
:The most medial, inserts on 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone.
The most medial, inserts on 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone.
'''''Ulnaris lateralis'''''
'''''Ulnaris lateralis'''''
:The most lateral, inserts on accessory carpal bone.
The most lateral, inserts on accessory carpal bone.
'''''Extensor carpi obliquus''''' (aka- abductor pollicis longus)
'''''Extensor carpi obliquus''''' (aka- abductor pollicis longus)
:Origin: cranial radius.
Origin: cranial radius.
:Insertion: most medial metacarpal bone .
Insertion: most medial metacarpal bone .
'''''Common Digital Extensor'''''
'''''Common Digital Extensor'''''
:Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of each digit.
Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of each digit.
'''''Lateral Digital Extensor'''''
'''''Lateral Digital Extensor'''''
:Insertion: dorsal proximal phalanges.
Insertion: dorsal proximal phalanges.
'''''Medial Digital Extensor'''''
'''''Medial Digital Extensor'''''
:Insertion: middle and distal phalanges.
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges.
===Flexors===
===Flexors===
'''''Flexor carpi radialis'''''
'''''Flexor carpi radialis'''''
:The most medial, inserts on upper 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone.
The most medial, inserts on upper 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone.
'''''Flexor carpi ulnaris'''''
'''''Flexor carpi ulnaris'''''
:The most lateral, inserts on the accessory carpal bone.
The most lateral, inserts on the accessory carpal bone.
'''''Superficial Digital Flexor'''''
'''''Superficial Digital Flexor'''''
:Insertion: palmar surface of middle phalanges.
Insertion: palmar surface of middle phalanges.
'''''Deep Digital Flexor'''''
'''''Deep Digital Flexor'''''
:Passes through carpal canal before branching and continues to palmar distal phalanges.
Passes through carpal canal before branching and continues to palmar distal phalanges.
'''''Interosseus muscles'''''
'''''Interosseus muscles'''''
:This is covered in more detail in the [[Bovine Lower Limb - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine lower limb]] section.
This is covered in more detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section.
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==
'''[[Lymphatics of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Forelimb]]'''
'''[[Lymphatics of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Forelimb]]'''
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