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Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 19:39, 27 October 2022
, 19:39, 27 October 2022no edit summary
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==Pelvic Girdle and Hip==
===Bones===
The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium |Ilium]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Pubis|pubis]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]].
The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|Femur]].
The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]].
====Bovine Bone Specifics====
====Bovine Bone Specifics====
*'''[[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|Ilium]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|Ilium]]'''
**In the cow the '''tuber coxae''' is visible and is readily palpable.
**In the cow the '''tuber coxae''' is visible and is readily palpable.
**The '''sacral tuber''' has two prominences; the cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines.
**The '''sacral tuber''' has two prominences; the cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines.
**The '''ileal wing''' is orientated in a vertical manner.
**The '''ileal wing''' is orientated in a vertical manner.
*'''[[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|Ischium]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|Ischium]]'''
** The '''ischial tuberosity''' is triangular in shape.
** The '''ischial tuberosity''' is triangular in shape.
*'''[[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|Femur]]'''
** The '''greater trochanter''' extends further dorsally compared to the femoral head.
** The '''greater trochanter''' extends further dorsally compared to the femoral head.
** The medial and lateral condylar ridges are very assymetrical with the medial ridge being larger.
** The medial and lateral condylar ridges are very assymetrical with the medial ridge being larger.
=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==
==Joints and Synovial Structures==
===='''[[Sacroiliac Joint]]'''====
====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Sacroiliac Joint|Sacroiliac Joint]]====
* In cattle the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the spinous processes of the sacrum.
* In cattle the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the spinous processes of the sacrum.
* The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' is a broad sheet-like ligament, which extends between the lateral aspect of the sacrum and the dorsal border of ischium and ilium. In this ligament are the '''lesser and greater ischiatic foramen''', these are present to allow for blood vessels, nerves and tendons. The caudal border of this ligament is visible subcutaneously.
* The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' is a broad sheet-like ligament, which extends between the lateral aspect of the sacrum and the dorsal border of ischium and ilium. In this ligament are the '''lesser and greater ischiatic foramen''', these are present to allow for blood vessels, nerves and tendons. The caudal border of this ligament is visible subcutaneously.
===='''[[Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]'''====
====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Coxafemoral/Hip Joint|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]====
* The cow has the most limited range of movement compared other domestic species in its hip. This is mainly restricted to flexion and extension and is a result of the conformation of its femoral head, intraarticular ligaments and a large muscle mass around the joint.
* The cow has the most limited range of movement compared other domestic species in its hip. This is mainly restricted to flexion and extension and is a result of the conformation of its femoral head, intraarticular ligaments and a large muscle mass around the joint.
* Cattle also have an extra acetabular notch on it's cranioventral aspect.
* Cattle also have an extra acetabular notch on it's cranioventral aspect.
=='''Musculature'''==
==Musculature==
The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:
The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:
* '''[[Girdle Musculature]]'''
* '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Girdle Musculature|Girdle Musculature]]'''
** '''Psoas minor''' - the muscle is marked by many tendinous intersections
** '''Psoas minor''' - the muscle is marked by many tendinous intersections
** '''Iliac muscle''' - a fleshy muscle that is cross-sectionally flat cranially and round caudally. It originates from two heads; a strong lateral head from the wing of the ilium and a small medial one from the ileal shaft. They enclose the '''greater psoas''' and will unite to form a common tendon for insertion.
** '''Iliac muscle''' - a fleshy muscle that is cross-sectionally flat cranially and round caudally. It originates from two heads; a strong lateral head from the wing of the ilium and a small medial one from the ileal shaft. They enclose the '''greater psoas''' and will unite to form a common tendon for insertion.
* '''[[Rump Muscles]]'''
* '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Rump Muscles|Rump Muscles]]'''
** '''Superficial gluteal'''
** '''Superficial gluteal'''
*** It is totally fused with the biceps muscle of the thigh forming the '''gluteobiceps'''.
*** It is totally fused with the biceps muscle of the thigh forming the '''gluteobiceps'''.
*** Origin - it just has one from the pelvic head.
*** Origin - it just has one from the pelvic head.
** '''Sartorius'''
** '''Sartorius'''
*** Origin - It is divided briefly into two head because of the passage of femoral vessels.
*** Origin - It is divided briefly into two heads because of the passage of femoral vessels.
** '''External Obturator'''
** '''External Obturator'''
*** Cattle have an extra intrapelvic part that originates from the ilial body, the pubis and ischium. This then inserts with the rest of the muscle on the trochantic fossa.
*** Cattle have an extra intrapelvic part that originates from the ilial body, the pubis and ischium. This then inserts with the rest of the muscle on the trochantic fossa.
='''Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus'''=
==Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus==
=='''Bones'''==
===Bones===
The bones immediately distal to the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|femur]] are the [[tibia]], [[fibula]], [[patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.
The bones immediately distal to the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|fibula]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.
Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[tarsal bones]] and [[metatarsals]].
Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones|tarsal bones]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Metatarsals|metatarsals]].
==='''Bovine Bone Specifics'''===
====Bovine Bone Specifics====
*'''[[Patella]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|Patella]]'''
** The patella is extended medially by fibrocartilage.
** The patella is extended medially by fibrocartilage.
*'''[[Tibia]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]]'''
** The lateral aspect of the condyle has no articular facet as the [[fibula]] is directly fused to the [[tibia]] at this point.
** The lateral aspect of the condyle has no articular facet as the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|fibula]] is directly fused to the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]] at this point.
** The lateral aspect of the cochlea has an articular facet as the '''malleolar bone''', the remnant of the distal fibula, articulates here.
** The lateral aspect of the cochlea has an articular facet as the '''malleolar bone''', the remnant of the distal fibula, articulates here.
*'''[[Fibula]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|Fibula]]'''
** The shaft of the fibula is totally absent.
** The shaft of the fibula is totally absent.
** The proximal head is fused to the tibia.
** The proximal head is fused to the tibia.
** The distal part remains as the '''malleolar bone''', which articulates with the [[tibia]].
** The distal part remains as the '''malleolar bone''', which articulates with the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]].
*'''[[Tarsal bones | Talus]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Talus|Talus]]'''
** The trochlear ridges lie in a sagittal direction and articulates with the medial malleolus medially and the mlleolar bone laterally.
** The trochlear ridges lie in a sagittal direction and articulates with the medial malleolus medially and the mlleolar bone laterally.
** The distal trochlear is well defined, articulating with the combined 4th and central tarsal bones.
** The distal trochlear is well defined, articulating with the combined 4th and central tarsal bones.
*'''[[Tarsal bones | Calcaneus]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones|Calcaneus]]'''
** The calcaneal tuberosity's proximal aspect is roughened and hollowed out.
** The calcaneal tuberosity's proximal aspect is roughened and hollowed out.
*'''[[Tarsal bones | Distal Row of Tarsal Bones]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Distal Row of Tarsal Bones| Distal Row of Tarsal Bones]]'''
** The cow only has three bones in the distal row, with the 1st tarsal bone being the only one left unfused. The 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones are fused together. The central and 4th tarsal bones are also fused.
** The cow only has three bones in the distal row, with the 1st tarsal bone being the only one left unfused. The 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones are fused together. The central and 4th tarsal bones are also fused.
=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==
===Joints and Synovial Structures===
'''[[Stifle Joint]]'''
'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Stifle Joint|Stifle Joint]]'''
* Like the horse the cow has three patellar ligaments; the '''middle patellar ligament''', the '''lateral patellar ligament''' and the '''medial patellar ligament'''.
* Like the horse the cow has three patellar ligaments; the '''middle patellar ligament''', the '''lateral patellar ligament''' and the '''medial patellar ligament'''.
* The '''middle patellar ligament''' connects the the cranial aspect of the [[patella]] apex to the tibial tuberosity. It has one associated bursae; one between the ligament and the groove on the tibial tuberosity. It is palpable just proximal to the tibial plateau.
* The '''middle patellar ligament''' connects the the cranial aspect of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] apex to the tibial tuberosity. It has one associated bursae; one between the ligament and the groove on the tibial tuberosity. It is palpable just proximal to the tibial plateau.
* The '''medial patellar ligament''' connects the parapatellar fibrocartilage to the medial aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The '''medial patellar ligament''' connects the parapatellar fibrocartilage to the medial aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The '''lateral patellar ligament''' the cranio-lateral aspect of the [[patella]] to the lateral aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The '''lateral patellar ligament''' the cranio-lateral aspect of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] to the lateral aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The medial and lateral femorotibial joint capsules communicate and the medial femorotibial communicates with the femoropatellar.
* The medial and lateral femorotibial joint capsules communicate and the medial femorotibial communicates with the femoropatellar.
'''[[Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''
'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal Joint/Hock|Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''
* The cow has some degree of flexion and extension in its proximal intertarsal joint.
* The cow has some degree of flexion and extension in its proximal intertarsal joint.
* Like the dog the cow has an extra branch to its '''short medial collateral ligament''' that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.
* Like the dog the cow has an extra branch to its '''short medial collateral ligament''' that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.
=='''Musculature'''==
===Musculature===
'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Stifle|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''
'''[[Muscles of the Bovine Crus - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Bovine Crus]]'''
==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==
'''[[Arteries of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Arteries of the Hindlimb|Arteries of the Hindlimb]]'''
* The essential difference between the bovine arterial system of the hindlimb and that of the dog is the supply to the distal hindlimb.
* Unlike horses and dogs the '''saphenous artery''' doesn't have cranial and caudal branches. Instead it continues down the plantar aspect of the foot and splits into the medial and lateral plantar digital arteries.
* The '''dorsal metatarsal artery III''' sits in the groove between metatarsal III andd IV and becomes the '''dorsal common digital artery III''' near the fetlock.
* An '''interdigital artery''' exists that connects the dorsal common digital artery III and the plantar common digital artery III by passing through the interdigital space.
* There are '''axial and abaxial digits''' that run on their respective sides of the digits.
'''[[Muscles of the Stifle]]'''
'''[[Veins of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Veins of the Hindlimb]]'''
'''[[Muscles of the Bovine Crus]]'''
'''[[Lymphatics of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Hindlimb]]'''
==Webinars==
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/orthopaedics/webinars/feed</rss>
===='''Musculature'''====
[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Anatomy - Cattle]]