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Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
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==Pelvic Girdle and Hip==
==Pelvic Girdle and Hip==
===Bones===
===Bones===
The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|Ilium]], [[Pubis - Anatomy & Physiology|pubis]] and [[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|ischium]].
The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium |Ilium]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Pubis|pubis]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]].
The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]].
The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|Femur]].
====Bovine Bone Specifics====
====Bovine Bone Specifics====
*'''[[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|Ilium]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|Ilium]]'''
**In the cow the '''tuber coxae''' is visible and is readily palpable.
**In the cow the '''tuber coxae''' is visible and is readily palpable.
**The '''sacral tuber''' has two prominences; the cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines.
**The '''sacral tuber''' has two prominences; the cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines.
**The '''ileal wing''' is orientated in a vertical manner.
**The '''ileal wing''' is orientated in a vertical manner.
*'''[[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|Ischium]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|Ischium]]'''
** The '''ischial tuberosity''' is triangular in shape.
** The '''ischial tuberosity''' is triangular in shape.
*'''[[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|Femur]]'''
** The '''greater trochanter''' extends further dorsally compared to the femoral head.
** The '''greater trochanter''' extends further dorsally compared to the femoral head.
** The medial and lateral condylar ridges are very assymetrical with the medial ridge being larger.
** The medial and lateral condylar ridges are very assymetrical with the medial ridge being larger.
The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:
The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:
* '''[[Girdle Musculature - Anatomy & Physiology|Girdle Musculature]]'''
* '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Girdle Musculature|Girdle Musculature]]'''
** '''Psoas minor''' - the muscle is marked by many tendinous intersections
** '''Psoas minor''' - the muscle is marked by many tendinous intersections
** '''Iliac muscle''' - a fleshy muscle that is cross-sectionally flat cranially and round caudally. It originates from two heads; a strong lateral head from the wing of the ilium and a small medial one from the ileal shaft. They enclose the '''greater psoas''' and will unite to form a common tendon for insertion.
** '''Iliac muscle''' - a fleshy muscle that is cross-sectionally flat cranially and round caudally. It originates from two heads; a strong lateral head from the wing of the ilium and a small medial one from the ileal shaft. They enclose the '''greater psoas''' and will unite to form a common tendon for insertion.
* '''[[Rump Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Rump Muscles]]'''
* '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Rump Muscles|Rump Muscles]]'''
** '''Superficial gluteal'''
** '''Superficial gluteal'''
*** It is totally fused with the biceps muscle of the thigh forming the '''gluteobiceps'''.
*** It is totally fused with the biceps muscle of the thigh forming the '''gluteobiceps'''.
===Bones===
===Bones===
The bones immediately distal to the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]], [[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|fibula]], [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.
The bones immediately distal to the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|fibula]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.
Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|tarsal bones]] and [[Metatarsals - Anatomy & Physiology|metatarsals]].
Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones|tarsal bones]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Metatarsals|metatarsals]].
*'''[[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|Patella]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|Patella]]'''
** The patella is extended medially by fibrocartilage.
** The patella is extended medially by fibrocartilage.
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]]'''
** The lateral aspect of the condyle has no articular facet as the [[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|fibula]] is directly fused to the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]] at this point.
** The lateral aspect of the condyle has no articular facet as the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|fibula]] is directly fused to the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]] at this point.
** The lateral aspect of the cochlea has an articular facet as the '''malleolar bone''', the remnant of the distal fibula, articulates here.
** The lateral aspect of the cochlea has an articular facet as the '''malleolar bone''', the remnant of the distal fibula, articulates here.
*'''[[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|Fibula]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|Fibula]]'''
** The shaft of the fibula is totally absent.
** The shaft of the fibula is totally absent.
** The proximal head is fused to the tibia.
** The proximal head is fused to the tibia.
*'''[[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Talus|Talus]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Talus|Talus]]'''
** The trochlear ridges lie in a sagittal direction and articulates with the medial malleolus medially and the mlleolar bone laterally.
** The trochlear ridges lie in a sagittal direction and articulates with the medial malleolus medially and the mlleolar bone laterally.
** The distal trochlear is well defined, articulating with the combined 4th and central tarsal bones.
** The distal trochlear is well defined, articulating with the combined 4th and central tarsal bones.
*'''[[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|Calcaneus]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones|Calcaneus]]'''
** The calcaneal tuberosity's proximal aspect is roughened and hollowed out.
** The calcaneal tuberosity's proximal aspect is roughened and hollowed out.
*'''[[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Row of Tarsal Bones| Distal Row of Tarsal Bones]]'''
*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Distal Row of Tarsal Bones| Distal Row of Tarsal Bones]]'''
** The cow only has three bones in the distal row, with the 1st tarsal bone being the only one left unfused. The 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones are fused together. The central and 4th tarsal bones are also fused.
** The cow only has three bones in the distal row, with the 1st tarsal bone being the only one left unfused. The 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones are fused together. The central and 4th tarsal bones are also fused.
'''[[Stifle Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Stifle Joint]]'''
'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Stifle Joint|Stifle Joint]]'''
* Like the horse the cow has three patellar ligaments; the '''middle patellar ligament''', the '''lateral patellar ligament''' and the '''medial patellar ligament'''.
* Like the horse the cow has three patellar ligaments; the '''middle patellar ligament''', the '''lateral patellar ligament''' and the '''medial patellar ligament'''.
* The '''middle patellar ligament''' connects the the cranial aspect of the [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] apex to the tibial tuberosity. It has one associated bursae; one between the ligament and the groove on the tibial tuberosity. It is palpable just proximal to the tibial plateau.
* The '''middle patellar ligament''' connects the the cranial aspect of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] apex to the tibial tuberosity. It has one associated bursae; one between the ligament and the groove on the tibial tuberosity. It is palpable just proximal to the tibial plateau.
* The '''medial patellar ligament''' connects the parapatellar fibrocartilage to the medial aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The '''medial patellar ligament''' connects the parapatellar fibrocartilage to the medial aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The '''lateral patellar ligament''' the cranio-lateral aspect of the [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] to the lateral aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The '''lateral patellar ligament''' the cranio-lateral aspect of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] to the lateral aspect of the tibial tuberosity.
* The medial and lateral femorotibial joint capsules communicate and the medial femorotibial communicates with the femoropatellar.
* The medial and lateral femorotibial joint capsules communicate and the medial femorotibial communicates with the femoropatellar.
'''[[Tarsal Joint/Hock - Anatomy & Physiology|Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''
'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal Joint/Hock|Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''
* The cow has some degree of flexion and extension in its proximal intertarsal joint.
* The cow has some degree of flexion and extension in its proximal intertarsal joint.
===Musculature===
===Musculature===
'''[[Muscles of the Stifle - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''
'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Stifle|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''
'''[[Muscles of the Bovine Crus - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Bovine Crus]]'''
'''[[Muscles of the Bovine Crus - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Bovine Crus]]'''
==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==
==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==
'''[[Arteries of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Arteries of the Hindlimb]]'''
'''[[Arteries of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Arteries of the Hindlimb|Arteries of the Hindlimb]]'''
* The essential difference between the bovine arterial system of the hindlimb and that of the dog is the supply to the distal hindlimb.
* The essential difference between the bovine arterial system of the hindlimb and that of the dog is the supply to the distal hindlimb.
'''[[Lymphatics of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Hindlimb]]'''
'''[[Lymphatics of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Hindlimb]]'''
==Webinars==
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[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Anatomy - Cattle]]