Changes

{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              = ''Bunostomum spp. ''

|name              = ''Bunostomum spp. ''

|kingdom            = Eukaryota

|kingdom            = Eukaryota

|sub-kingdom        =

|sub-kingdom        =

|phylum            = Nematoda

|phylum            = [[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]

|super-class        =

|super-class        =

|class              = Secernentea

|class              = Secernentea

|sub-order          =

|sub-order          =

|super-family      =

|super-family      =

|family            = Ancylostomatidae

|family            = [[:Category:Ancylostomatoidea|Ancylostomatidae]]

|sub-family        =

|sub-family        =

|genus              = Bunostomum

|genus              = Bunostomum

|species            = ''Bunostomum spp.''

|species            = ''Bunostomum spp.''

}}

}}

Caused By: ''Bunostomum phlebotomum — B. trigonocephalum''

 

Caused By – ''Bunostomum phlebotomum – B. trigonocephalum''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''small intestinal [[Endoparasites|endoparasites]] of large and small ruminants and camelids'''. ''B. phlebotomum'' is seen primarily in calves and ''B. trigonocephalum'' in lambs.

''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''small intestinal endoparasites of large and small ruminants and camelids'''. ''B. phlebotomum'' is seen primarily in calves and ''B. trigonocephalum'' in lambs.

They are '''greyish-white worms, 1-3cm in length and stout in stature''', especially when compared to other [[Nematoda|nematodes]]. Their '''anterior end is bent dorsally''' giving them a hooked figuration. The '''buccal capsule is funnel shaped''' and bordered with a '''pair of chitinous cutting plates''' which serve to attach the parasite to the intestinal mucosa. They are usually only found in the '''proximal few metres of the small intestine.'''

They are '''greyish-white worms, 1-3cm in length and stout in stature''', especially when compared to other [[Nematodes|nematodes]]. Their '''anterior end is bent dorsally''' giving them a hooked figuration. The '''buccal capsule is funnel shaped''' and bordered with a '''pair of chitinous cutting plates''' which serve to attach the parasite to the intestinal mucosa. They are usually only found in the '''proximal few metres of the small intestine.'''

Eggs of ''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''irregular and ellipsoid, thin shelled and have 4-8 blastomeres'''.

Eggs of ''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''irregular and ellipsoid, thin shelled and have 4-8 blastomeres'''.

These parasites can cause both ''' [[Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology|gastrointestinal disease]] and also [[Skin ­ Anatomy & Physiology|integumentary damage]] during percutaneous invasion'''.

These parasites can cause both ''' gastrointestinal disease and also integumentary damage during percutaneous invasion'''.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

Direct digestive signs of disease include ''' [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] which often contains mucus and/or blood, anorexia, Inappetance and weight loss or stunted growth. Hypoproteinaemia due to parasitic consumption may cause '''peripheral oedema, e.g. bottle-jaw.'''

Direct digestive signs of disease include ''' [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] which often contains mucus and/or blood, anorexia, inappetance and weight loss or stunted growth. Hypoproteinaemia due to parasitic consumption may cause '''peripheral [[oedema]], e.g. bottle-jaw.'''

Consequent bleeding and fluid loss often causes '''anaemia and/or dehydration''' and associated pallor, prostration, emaciation and weakness.  

Consequent bleeding and fluid loss often causes '''[[:Category:Anaemia|anaemia]] and/or dehydration''' and associated pallor, prostration, emaciation and weakness.  

Signs of pain and discomfort will vary with the individual.

Signs of pain and discomfort will vary with the individual.

Skin disease usually manifests in the '''feet and limbs as pruritus, erythema, oedema, alopecia, hyperkeratosis and papule/pustule formation. ''' The coat in affected areas is often rough and poor and easily epilated. '''Claws and hooves also exhibit defective growth, fragility and overgrowth. '''

Skin disease usually manifests in the '''feet and limbs as pruritus, erythema, oedema, alopecia, hyperkeratosis and papule/pustule formation. ''' The coat in affected areas is often rough and poor and easily epilated. '''Claws and hooves also exhibit defective growth, fragility and overgrowth. '''

Larval migration through the lungs may also cause a cough and other [[Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology]] signs.

Larval migration through the lungs may also cause a cough and other respiratory signs.

Recovery results in partial protection to reinfection but adults may then carry an shed worms.

Recovery results in partial protection to reinfection but adults may then carry and shed worms.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

At '''necropsy''', adults can be '''demonstrated in the proximal segments of the small intestine''' and identified microscopically.

At '''necropsy''', adults can be '''demonstrated in the proximal segments of the small intestine''' and identified microscopically.

Eggs can also be detected by the '''floatation technique''' and morphologically identified. They cannot be differentiated from ''Trichostrongylid spp. '' or ''Oesophagostomum spp. '' unless faecal samples are fresh.

Eggs can also be detected by the '''floatation technique''' and morphologically identified. They cannot be differentiated from [[:Category:Trichostrongyloidea|''Trichostrongylid ''spp.]] or ''[[Oesophagostomum]] ''spp. unless faecal samples are fresh.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

'''All commercial [[Endoparasiticides|endoparasiticides]] are effective and resistance is not currently a significant problem. '''

'''All commercial endoparasiticides are effective and resistance is not currently a significant problem. '''

==Control==

==Control==

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bunostomum datasheet''', accessed 31/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=104304&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Bunostomum'']

 

 

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]] [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Parasites - Cattle]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Sheep]]

[[Category:Ancylostomatoidea]][[Category:Cattle Parasites]][[Category:Camelid Parasites]][[Category:Sheep Parasites]]

[[Category:Integumentary System - Helminth Infections]]

[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]