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→Consequences of Calcium Deficiency
====Recognised Syndromes related to Calcium Deficiency====
====Recognised Syndromes related to Calcium Deficiency====
#'''Skeletal malformation''': Hazewinkel et al.<ref>Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom, WE, Vanꞌt Klooster, AT, Voorhout, G, Van Wees, A (1991). “Calcium metabolism in great Dane dogs fed diets with various calcium and phosphorus levels”. J. Nutr. 121 (suppl):S99-S106.</ref> described severe skeletal problems in Great Dane puppies fed diets with 0.55% calcium on a <span style="color:red">dry matter basis (DM) (hotline to definitions/glossary of terms)</span>. However Nap et al.<ref>Nap, R, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom, WE (1993). “45Ca kinetics in growing miniature poodles challenged by four different dietary levels of calcium”. J. Nutr. 123:1826-1833.</ref> found no abnormalities in miniature poodle puppies (13-25 weeks) fed 0.33% calcium on DM. Nevertheless, in the same experiment<ref>Nap, R, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom, WE (1993). “45Ca kinetics in growing miniature poodles challenged by four different dietary levels of calcium”. J. Nutr. 123:1826-1833.</ref>, NSHP was observed when a very low level of 0.05% calcium was fed. It is clear that giant, rapidly growing breeds are more sensitive to restrictions in dietary calcium.
#'''Skeletal malformation''': Hazewinkel et al.<ref>Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom, WE, Vanꞌt Klooster, AT, Voorhout, G, Van Wees, A (1991). “Calcium metabolism in great Dane dogs fed diets with various calcium and phosphorus levels”. J. Nutr. 121 (suppl):S99-S106.</ref> described severe skeletal problems in Great Dane puppies fed diets with 0.55% calcium on a <span style="color:red">dry matter basis (DM) (hotline to definitions/glossary of terms)</span>. However Nap et al.<ref>Nap, R, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom, WE (1993). “45Ca kinetics in growing miniature poodles challenged by four different dietary levels of calcium”. J. Nutr. 123:1826-1833.</ref> found no abnormalities in miniature poodle puppies (13-25 weeks) fed 0.33% calcium on DM. Nevertheless, in the same experiment<ref>Nap, R, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom, WE (1993). “45Ca kinetics in growing miniature poodles challenged by four different dietary levels of calcium”. J. Nutr. 123:1826-1833.</ref>, NSHP was observed when a very low level of 0.05% calcium was fed. It is clear that giant, rapidly growing breeds are more sensitive to restrictions in dietary calcium.
#'''Eclampsia''': Also called ''lactation tetany'' or ''milk fever'', eclampsia is a disease occurring during the later stages of pregnancy or soon after parturition (1-3 weeks postpartum). It is characterised by '''loss of consciousness, convulsions or both and is associated with severe hypocalcaemia''', although its aetiology is not completely understood. Proposed mechanisms include poor dietary intake, excessive calcium losses during lactation and abnormal parathyroid gland function<ref>Schenck, PA, Chew, DJ, Nagode, LA, Rosol, TJ. (2012). “Disorders of Calcium: Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders, 4th Edition. Dibartola SP (Editor). Sanders Elsevier St Louis, MO pp 120-194.</ref>. In addition, there may be a predisposition of this condition in toy breeds<ref>Austad, S, Bjerkas, E (1976). “Eclampsia in the bitch”. J. Small Anim. Pract. 17:793-798.</ref>. Clinical signs in dogs are typically not seen until total calcium concentration drops below 1.6 mmol/L [6.5 mg/dL] or iCa drops below 0.7 mmol/L [2.8 mg/dL].
#'''[[Hypocalcaemia#Eclampsia|Eclampsia]]''': Also called ''lactation tetany'' or ''milk fever'', eclampsia is a disease occurring during the later stages of pregnancy or soon after parturition (1-3 weeks postpartum). It is characterised by '''loss of consciousness, convulsions or both and is associated with severe hypocalcaemia''', although its aetiology is not completely understood. Proposed mechanisms include poor dietary intake, excessive calcium losses during lactation and abnormal parathyroid gland function<ref>Schenck, PA, Chew, DJ, Nagode, LA, Rosol, TJ. (2012). “Disorders of Calcium: Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders, 4th Edition. Dibartola SP (Editor). Sanders Elsevier St Louis, MO pp 120-194.</ref>. In addition, there may be a predisposition of this condition in toy breeds<ref>Austad, S, Bjerkas, E (1976). “Eclampsia in the bitch”. J. Small Anim. Pract. 17:793-798.</ref>. Clinical signs in dogs are typically not seen until total calcium concentration drops below 1.6 mmol/L [6.5 mg/dL] or iCa drops below 0.7 mmol/L [2.8 mg/dL].
===Cat:===
===Cat:===
The effects of calcium deficiency in cats are broadly similar to those in dogs in terms of effects on bone formation, although there is little if any breed variation. This is to be expected given the much narrower bodyweight range in the cat. As with dogs, the calcium requirement of kittens decreases with increasing age<ref>Pastoor, F, Opitz, A, Vanꞌt Klooster, AT, Beynen, A (1994) “Dietary calcium chloride vs. calcium carbonate reduces urinary pH and phosphorus concentration, improves bone mineralization and depresses kidney calcium level in cats”. J. Nutr. 124:2212-2222.</ref>. Cats can also suffer from eclampsia but this is not as common as in dogs.
The effects of calcium deficiency in cats are broadly similar to those in dogs in terms of effects on bone formation, although there is little if any breed variation. This is to be expected given the much narrower bodyweight range in the cat. As with dogs, the calcium requirement of kittens decreases with increasing age<ref>Pastoor, F, Opitz, A, Vanꞌt Klooster, AT, Beynen, A (1994) “Dietary calcium chloride vs. calcium carbonate reduces urinary pH and phosphorus concentration, improves bone mineralization and depresses kidney calcium level in cats”. J. Nutr. 124:2212-2222.</ref>. Cats can also suffer from eclampsia but this is not as common as in dogs.
==Toxicity==
==Toxicity==