Changes

** For example, during pregnancy they becomes more ventral and are pulled forward during the advancing stages thus making them very difficult to palpate.  

** For example, during pregnancy they becomes more ventral and are pulled forward during the advancing stages thus making them very difficult to palpate.  

* The left [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] is generally more cranio-ventral in postion than the right [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]].

* The left [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] is generally more cranio-ventral in postion than the right [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]].

* The ovary is attached to the [[The_Uterus_-_The_Broad_Ligament_- Anatomy & Physiology|broad ligament]] by a well-defined strong ligament which extends from the hilus of the ovary to the tip of the corresponding uterine horn.  

* The ovary is attached to the [[Broad Ligament - Anatomy & Physiology|broad ligament]] by a well-defined strong ligament which extends from the hilus of the ovary to the tip of the corresponding uterine horn.  

* Both ovaries are enclosed within a fold of the [[The_Uterus_-_The_Broad_Ligament_- Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|mesosalpinx]] known as the ovarian bursa, the apex of this bursa forms a large circular orifice within which lies the fimbriae of the oviduct.

* Both ovaries are enclosed within a fold of the [[Broad Ligament - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|mesosalpinx]] known as the ovarian bursa, the apex of this bursa forms a large circular orifice within which lies the fimbriae of the oviduct.

* Their general appearance and size varies according to the age and activity of the animal.

* Their general appearance and size varies according to the age and activity of the animal.

** In the prepubertal animals they have a smooth and glistening surface with several raised small vesicles (2 - 5 mm in diameter) throughout the surface which correspond to the [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]].

** In the prepubertal animals they have a smooth and glistening surface with several raised small vesicles (2 - 5 mm in diameter) throughout the surface which correspond to the [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]].

** In anoestrous females the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]] are oval or circular, flattened laterally and have an irregular surface due to many small [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]].

** In anoestrous females the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]] are oval or circular, flattened laterally and have an irregular surface due to many small [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]].

** During the breeding season, mature [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]] and current [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|corpora lutea]] (CL) project from the main contour of the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] and give it a more lobular form.

** During the breeding season, mature [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]] and current [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpora lutea]] (CL) project from the main contour of the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] and give it a more lobular form.

*** This lobulation increases with increased number of previous [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovulations]] or pregnancies and is due mainly to the presence of old [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Albicans_- Anatomy & Physiology|corpora albicantia]].

*** This lobulation increases with increased number of previous [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulations]] or pregnancies and is due mainly to the presence of old [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpora albicantia]].

=== Ovarian Structures ===

=== Ovarian Structures ===

** Medulla  

** Medulla  

* Whole organ is enclosed by a tunica albuginea except in the area of the hilus.

* Whole organ is enclosed by a tunica albuginea except in the area of the hilus.

* Follicular activity takes place in the cortex and [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]] can occur anywhere on this surface.  

* Follicular activity takes place in the cortex and [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]] can occur anywhere on this surface.  

* However, as camelids are induced ovulators (only ovulate in response to mating) there is no cyclical appearance of a [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|CL]] in non-mated females.

* However, as camelids are induced ovulators (only ovulate in response to mating) there is no cyclical appearance of a [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|CL]] in non-mated females.

* [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|Corpora lutea]] are only present in the ovaries of recently bred or pregnant females.

* [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|Corpora lutea]] are only present in the ovaries of recently bred or pregnant females.

==== Follicles ====

==== Follicles ====

* Follicular activity is dominated by 4 types of [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]]

* Follicular activity is dominated by 4 types of [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]]

** Small growing follicles

** Small growing follicles

** Mature follicles

** Mature follicles

** Regressing follicles

** Regressing follicles

** Over-large, anovulatory follicles

** Over-large, anovulatory follicles

* As the [[The_Ovary_-_Folliculogenesis_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicular waves]] overlap with each other, several generations of [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]] may be present at the same time.

* As the [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicular waves]] overlap with each other, several generations of [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]] may be present at the same time.

* The small growing follicles are visible on the surface of the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] as small slightly raised vesicles measuring between 2 - 4 mm, whereas the mature pre-ovulatory follicle measures between 13 - 20 mm [19,20] and is spherical, turgid, with a thin clear translucent wall and protrudes markedly from the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovarian surface]].

* The small growing follicles are visible on the surface of the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] as small slightly raised vesicles measuring between 2 - 4 mm, whereas the mature pre-ovulatory follicle measures between 13 - 20 mm [19,20] and is spherical, turgid, with a thin clear translucent wall and protrudes markedly from the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovarian surface]].

* The appearance of regressing follicles depends on the stage of regression.

* The appearance of regressing follicles depends on the stage of regression.

==== Corpus Luteum ====

==== Corpus Luteum ====

* Forms after [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]], which occurs 24 - 48 hours after mating.

* Forms after [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]], which occurs 24 - 48 hours after mating.

* The ovulating [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]] collapses at [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]] and then the follicular cavity fills with blood to form a [[Corpus Haemorrhagicum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus haemorrhagicum]].  

* The ovulating [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]] collapses at [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]] and then the follicular cavity fills with blood to form a [[Corpus Haemorrhagicum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus haemorrhagicum]].  

* [[Corpus_Luteum_Formation_-_Anatomy & Physiology|Luteinization]] of the [[Corpus Haemorrhagicum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus haemorrhagicum]] occurs within 4 - 5 days and gives rise to a [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|corpus luteum]].  

* [[Corpus_Luteum_Formation_-_Anatomy & Physiology|Luteinization]] of the [[Corpus Haemorrhagicum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus haemorrhagicum]] occurs within 4 - 5 days and gives rise to a [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus luteum]].  

* [[Corpus_Luteum_Regression -_Anatomy_&_Physiology|Regression]] of the [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|CL]] occurs between 10 - 12 days after a sterile mating or just before parturition in the pregnant female.

* [[Corpus_Luteum_Regression -_Anatomy_&_Physiology|Regression]] of the [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|CL]] occurs between 10 - 12 days after a sterile mating or just before parturition in the pregnant female.

* The [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Albicans_- Anatomy & Physiology|corpus albicans]], originating from the [[The_Ovary_-_Corpus_Luteum_Regression- Anatomy & Physiology|regression]] of the [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|CL]] of pregnancy is hard, white or grey in colour and has no blood vessels on its surface. [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Albicans_- Anatomy & Physiology|Corpora albicantia]] of different sizes (5 - 12 mm in diameter) can remain on the surface of the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] of the female for a long time.

* The [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus albicans]], originating from the [[Corpus_Luteum_Regression - Anatomy & Physiology|regression]] of the [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|CL]] of pregnancy is hard, white or grey in colour and has no blood vessels on its surface. [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|Corpora albicantia]] of different sizes (5 - 12 mm in diameter) can remain on the surface of the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] of the female for a long time.

== Oviduct ==

== Oviduct ==

* Y-shaped [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomical_Types_of_Uteri|bicornuate uterus]].

* Y-shaped [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomical_Types_of_Uteri|bicornuate uterus]].

* Almost all pregnancies carried in the left Uterine Horn, which is longer than the right.

* Almost all pregnancies carried in the left Uterine Horn, which is longer than the right.

* Ova shed from the right ovary must migrate down the right Uterine Horn to the Uterine Body and up the left Uterine Horn in order to [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|establish pregnancy]].

* Ova shed from the right ovary must migrate down the right Uterine Horn to the Uterine Body and up the left Uterine Horn in order to [[Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|establish pregnancy]].

* In immature females the uterus is very small and can be found entirely within the pelvic cavity, whereas in mature non-pregnant females it is located in the abdominal cavity at the level of the 5th, 6th and 7th [[Spinal_Column_- Anatomy & Physiology#Lumbar_Vertebrae|lumbar vertebra]].  

* In immature females the uterus is very small and can be found entirely within the pelvic cavity, whereas in mature non-pregnant females it is located in the abdominal cavity at the level of the 5th, 6th and 7th [[Spinal_Column_- Anatomy & Physiology#Lumbar_Vertebrae|lumbar vertebra]].  

* The [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|endometrium]] of the uterine body and horns contain no caruncles and the uterine glands are simple, branched and tubular.

* The [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|endometrium]] of the uterine body and horns contain no caruncles and the uterine glands are simple, branched and tubular.

* The [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] protrudes caudally in the vaginal cavity forming a fornix.

* The [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] protrudes caudally in the vaginal cavity forming a fornix.

* The size of the protruded vaginal portion of the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] and the actual position within the vaginal cavity varies between individuals and the appearance of the external cervical os varies according to the stage of the cycle.

* The size of the protruded vaginal portion of the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] and the actual position within the vaginal cavity varies between individuals and the appearance of the external cervical os varies according to the stage of the cycle.

** In the presence of a mature [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_- Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]] the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] is contracted and oedematous and appears open on vaginal examination.

** In the presence of a mature [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]] the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] is contracted and oedematous and appears open on vaginal examination.

** During the luteal phase, it becomes dry and the cervical os is usually covered by a flap of the last two cervical rings.

** During the luteal phase, it becomes dry and the cervical os is usually covered by a flap of the last two cervical rings.

** During pregnancy the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] becomes very tight and in the advanced stages the cervix is pulled forward and downward beyond the pelvic brim.

** During pregnancy the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] becomes very tight and in the advanced stages the cervix is pulled forward and downward beyond the pelvic brim.

[[Category:Camelid Reproduction]]

[[Category:Camelid Reproduction]]