Changes

 

 

 

== Prepuce and Penis ==

== Prepuce and Penis ==

* The penis is attached to the prepuce at birth and does not become free until 2 - 3 years of age.

* The penis is attached to the prepuce at birth and does not become free until 2 - 3 years of age.

** Loss of adhesions is a sign of sexual maturity.

** Loss of adhesions is a sign of sexual maturity.

** If castration is prior to the Testosterone peak at the beginning of [[Reproductive_System#Development_to_Puberty|puberty]], then adhesions may never completely break down.

** If castration is prior to the Testosterone peak at the beginning of [[:Category:Puberty|puberty]], then adhesions may never completely break down.

* Penis is fibroelastic.

* Penis is fibroelastic.

** In the absence of an erection, the penis is retracted into its sheath via a prescrotal sigmoid flexure not a post scrotal sigmoid flexure, as is the case in bulls.

** In the absence of an erection, the penis is retracted into its sheath via a prescrotal sigmoid flexure not a post scrotal sigmoid flexure, as is the case in bulls.

*  The length of the penis ranges from 59 - 68 cm and it is cylindrical in shape

*  The length of the penis ranges from 59 - 68 cm and it is cylindrical in shape

* Process at the end of the penis is firm, composed of [[Bones_and_Cartilage_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Types_of_Cartilage|cartilage]].  

* Process at the end of the penis is firm, composed of [[Cartilage_- Anatomy & Physiology#Types_of_Cartilage|cartilage]].  

** It has a slight clockwise curve to aid insertion of the penis through the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] so that semen can be deposited directly into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|uterine horns]].

** It has a slight clockwise curve to aid insertion of the penis through the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] so that semen can be deposited directly into the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterine horns]].

* The glans penis is curved along its vertical plane giving it a hook-shape with a definite neck between the glans and body of the penis.

* The glans penis is curved along its vertical plane giving it a hook-shape with a definite neck between the glans and body of the penis.

The most important feature is the absence of seminal vesicles in the Camelidae family.  The  accessory sex glands are: the ampullae, the prostate, the bulbo-urethral (Cowper’s glands) and the urethral glands. The size and weight of the glands are affected significantly by the age of the animal, (tending to reach a maximum between 10.5 - 15 years) and the season. They are largest during the breeding season. This is concomitant with the increased activity and size of the testis.  That suggests that the activities of the accessory sex glands are regulated by androgen secretion from the testis.

The most important feature is the absence of seminal vesicles in the Camelidae family.  The  accessory sex glands are: the ampullae, the prostate, the bulbo-urethral (Cowper’s glands) and the urethral glands. The size and weight of the glands are affected significantly by the age of the animal, (tending to reach a maximum between 10.5 - 15 years) and the season. They are largest during the breeding season. This is concomitant with the increased activity and size of the testis.  That suggests that the activities of the accessory sex glands are regulated by androgen secretion from the testis.

=== The Ampulla ===

=== The Ampulla ===

* Terminal part embedded in a deep groove located on the ventral surface of the corpus prostatae.  

* Terminal part embedded in a deep groove located on the ventral surface of the corpus prostatae.  

* These glands may play the role of a sperm reserve before ejaculation.

* These glands may play the role of a sperm reserve before ejaculation.

=== The Prostate Gland ===

=== The Prostate Gland ===

* These glands and the pelvic urethra are richly innervated.

* These glands and the pelvic urethra are richly innervated.

** Nerves are responsible for the contraction of the muscle and expulsion of glandular secretions.

** Nerves are responsible for the contraction of the muscle and expulsion of glandular secretions.