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=Introduction=
*Caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]]
*Caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]]
*Noramlly present on skin and in [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]
*Noramlly present on skin and in [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]
**Superficial exudate containing organisms
**Superficial exudate containing organisms
=Candidasis in birds=
==Signalment==
The disease is common in '''neonatal psittacine birds'''. '''Immunosuppressive''' conditions and '''trauma''' to the ingluvies lead to the development of candidiasis. Predisposing factors include hypothermia, feeding a formula that is too cold or too hot - causing crop burns, poor nutrition, longterm antibiotic therapy, hypovitaminosis A and systemic illness from other causes.
==Clinical Sings==
The bird may present with '''inflammation''' and '''delayed emptying''' of the '''ingluvies'''.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is based on '''identification of oval yeasts''' and '''hyphae''' on '''cytological smears''' taken from swabs and crop washes or aspirates. '''Wrights stain''' can be used to demonstrate the yeasts. There should be no evidence of an inflammatory response. The presence of '''hyphae''' indicates that the crop may have been penetrated and the infection '''spread systemically'''.
==Treatment==
An '''antifungal drug''' is indicated for the treatment of candidiasis. The presence of hyphae is suggestive of invasion of the mucosa by the yeast and the potential for a systemic infection. Therefore, a '''systemic antifungal''' – e.g. itraconazole PO for 7 days – should be used along with a local or topical antifungal, e.g. nystatin BID or TID for 7–10 days.
==Prognosis==
The presence of hyphae on cytological examination suggests a severe infection and potential systemic spread, and therefore a '''poor''' prognosis. Without evidence of hyphae the prognosis is improved.
==References==
Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''
Girling, S (2004) '''Diseases of the digestive tract of psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 2004 26: 146-15''
[[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]]
[[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]]
[[Category:To Do - Fungi]]
[[Category:To Do - Fungi]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]