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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV-1) was first isolated by Carbasso in 1954¹ from a case of acute hepatitis in the dog. This virus found to be identical to the virus isolated in 1947 by Rubarth² from a dog showing acute liver lesions, and so CAV-1 was originally known as Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) virus. Subsequently, CAV1 infection was shown to be common in young dogs worldwide, with 82% of British dogs displaying neutralising antibody titres by nine months of age³. It has also since been demonstrated that CAV1 has a role in diseases other than [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis]], such as [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis]].

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV-1) was first isolated by Carbasso in 1954¹ from a case of acute hepatitis in the dog. This virus found to be identical to the virus isolated in 1947 by Rubarth² from a dog showing acute liver lesions, and so CAV-1 was originally known as Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) virus. Subsequently, CAV1 infection was shown to be common in young dogs worldwide, with 82% of British dogs displaying neutralising antibody titres by nine months of age³. It has also since been demonstrated that CAV1 has a role in diseases other than [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis]], such as [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis]].

CAV-1 is a Mastadenovirus, member of the [[Adenoviridae - Overview]] family.

CAV-1 is a Mastadenovirus, member of the [[Adenoviridae - Overview|Adenoviridae]] family.

==Hosts==

==Hosts==

==Disease==

==Disease==

Although there is evidence for a high incidence of infection among the non-vaccinated canine population, this is not matched by a similar occurance of clinically detectable infectious hepatitis since many infections are subclinical. In additions to [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis]], CAV-1 has been shown to be involved in several other types of disease. These include encephalopathy ⁴, ocular lesions, neonatal disease⁵, chronic hepatitis⁶, and interstitial nephritis⁷. The virus can be isolated from throat swabs or lungs from some dogs with respiratory disease, and CAV-1 is known to be of importance in [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis]].

Although there is evidence for a high incidence of infection among the non-vaccinated canine population, this is not matched by a similar occurrence of clinically detectable infectious hepatitis since many infections are subclinical. In additions to [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis]], CAV-1 has been shown to be involved in several other types of disease. These include encephalopathy ⁴, ocular lesions, neonatal disease⁵, chronic hepatitis⁶, and interstitial nephritis⁷. The virus can be isolated from throat swabs or lungs from some dogs with respiratory disease, and CAV-1 is known to be of importance in [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis]].

==Pathology==

==Pathology==

Subclinical infection with canine adenovirus 1 most typically causes a mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia, although a necrotising bronchiolitis  may occur in immunocompromised dogs. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia is seen histologcally as necrosis of the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, pulmonary oedema and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes.  

Subclinical infection with canine adenovirus 1 most typically causes a mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia, although a necrotising bronchiolitis  may occur in immunocompromised dogs. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia is seen histologically as necrosis of the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, pulmonary oedema and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes.  

In [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis]], canine adenovirus 1 principally causes damage to the endothelium and to hepatic cells. Endothelial damage results in widespread petechial haemorrhages, and hepatic damage may be visualised as an enlarged liver, mottled with areas of necrosis. Microscopically, centrolobular necrosis is seen in the liver, and adenoviral nuclear inclusion  bodies may be observed in Kupffer and parencymal cells. Glomerulonephritis and occular pathology are not uncommon findings.

In [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis]], canine adenovirus 1 principally causes damage to the endothelium and to hepatic cells. Endothelial damage results in widespread petechial haemorrhages, and hepatic damage may be visualised as an enlarged liver, mottled with areas of necrosis. Microscopically, centrolobular necrosis is seen in the liver, and adenoviral nuclear inclusion  bodies may be observed in Kupffer and parenchymal cells. Glomerulonephritis and occular pathology are not uncommon findings.

The pathology exhibited in [[Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis]] varies with the other contributing organisms and the severity of disease.

The pathology exhibited in [[Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis]] varies with the other contributing organisms and the severity of disease.

==References==

==References==

#Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''  

#Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''  

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

 

 

[[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Dog Viruses]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Dog]]

 

 

[[Category:Expert_Review]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]