Changes

*There is a distinct gap between it and the radius, which is filled by the pronator quadratus muscle.

*There is a distinct gap between it and the radius, which is filled by the pronator quadratus muscle.

*The distal styloid process is blunt and articulates with the ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone and ulnar notch of the radius.

*The distal styloid process is blunt and articulates with the ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone and ulnar notch of the radius.

==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==

==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==

*'''Annular ligament''' of the radius - attaches to the sides of the coronoid process of the ulna. This runs deep to the collateral ligaments and forms a ring for the radial head to turn in during pronation and supination.  

*'''Annular ligament''' of the radius - attaches to the sides of the coronoid process of the ulna. This runs deep to the collateral ligaments and forms a ring for the radial head to turn in during pronation and supination.  

*The radius and ulna are joined mid-shaft by the '''interosseous ligament'''; the remainder is filled by the interosseous membrane.

*The radius and ulna are joined mid-shaft by the '''interosseous ligament'''; the remainder is filled by the interosseous membrane.

==Structures of the Distal Forelimb==

==Structures of the Distal Forelimb==

These are covered in detail in the [[Canine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|canine phalanges]] section.

These are covered in detail in the [[Canine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|canine phalanges]] section.

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==

*The  '''flexor retinaculum''' is the carpal fascia on the palmar aspect and lies between the accessory carpal bone and the medial aspect of the carpus. This with the joint capsule and medial surface of the accesory carpal bone makes up the '''carpal canal'''. It houses just the deep digital flexor tendon in the dog.

*The  '''flexor retinaculum''' is the carpal fascia on the palmar aspect and lies between the accessory carpal bone and the medial aspect of the carpus. This with the joint capsule and medial surface of the accesory carpal bone makes up the '''carpal canal'''. It houses just the deep digital flexor tendon in the dog.

*The intermetacarpal joint are tight joints between the proximal ends of the metacarpals. The joint capsules are continuous with that of the carpal joint. They are hold together by interosseous metacarpal ligaments.

*The intermetacarpal joint are tight joints between the proximal ends of the metacarpals. The joint capsules are continuous with that of the carpal joint. They are hold together by interosseous metacarpal ligaments.

==Muscles of the Forelimb==

==Muscles of the Forelimb==

*Support metacarpophalnageal joints

*Support metacarpophalnageal joints

*Arise from palmar proximal metacarpal bones and insert on sesamoid bones within the joints, continued by ligaments to phalanges

*Arise from palmar proximal metacarpal bones and insert on sesamoid bones within the joints, continued by ligaments to phalanges

==Vasculature of the Forelimb==

==Vasculature of the Forelimb==

*'''[[Veins of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Veins of the Forelimb]]'''

*'''[[Veins of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Veins of the Forelimb]]'''

*'''[[Lymphatics of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Forelimb]]'''

*'''[[Lymphatics of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Forelimb]]'''

==Innervation of the Forelimb==

==Innervation of the Forelimb==