Changes

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Carpal Joint|Carpal Joint]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Carpal Joint|Carpal Joint]]===

*The '''synovial membranes''' form three compartments corresponding to each joint. The proximal is the largest whilst the middle carpal and carpometacarpal sacs communicate and extend into the intermetacarpal articulations.

The '''synovial membranes''' form three compartments corresponding to each joint. The proximal is the largest whilst the middle carpal and carpometacarpal sacs communicate and extend into the intermetacarpal articulations. The fibrous joint capsule is common to all three joints, and attaches to the individual bones and various intercarpal ligaments. The '''extensor retinaculum''' is fibrous collagenous tissue on the dorsal aspect that allows passage of the extensor tendons. On the palmar aspect lies the '''palmar carpal fibrocartilage''', that provides attachment for some metacarpal bones. Paired '''collateral ligaments''' bridge the sides of the three main articulations.  

*The fibrous joint capsule is common to all three joints and attaches to the individual bones and various intercarpal ligaments.

 

*The '''extensor retinaculum''' is fibrous collagenous tissue on the dorsal aspect that allows passage of the extensor tendons.

The  '''flexor retinaculum''' is the carpal fascia on the palmar aspect, and lies between the accessory carpal bone and the medial aspect of the carpus. This with the joint capsule and medial surface of the accesory carpal bone, makes up the '''carpal canal'''. It houses just the deep digital flexor tendon in the dog. The intermetacarpal joints, are tight joints between the proximal ends of the metacarpals. The joint capsules are continuous with that of the carpal joint. They are held together by the '''interosseous metacarpal ligaments'''.

*On the palmar aspect lies the '''palmar carpal fibrocartilage''' that provides attachment for some metacarpal bones.

*Paired '''collateral ligaments''' bridge the sides of the three main articulations.

*The  '''flexor retinaculum''' is the carpal fascia on the palmar aspect and lies between the accessory carpal bone and the medial aspect of the carpus. This with the joint capsule and medial surface of the accesory carpal bone makes up the '''carpal canal'''. It houses just the deep digital flexor tendon in the dog.

*The intermetacarpal joint are tight joints between the proximal ends of the metacarpals. The joint capsules are continuous with that of the carpal joint. They are hold together by interosseous metacarpal ligaments.

==Muscles of the Forelimb==

==Muscles of the Forelimb==