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[[Image:Syringe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<p><b>Syringe</b></p>Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: ZaldyImg (2008)]]  

[[Image:Syringe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<p><b>Syringe</b></p>Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: ZaldyImg (2008)]]  

== Antigenicity ==

== Antigenicity ==

2 Canine viruses have been identified, these are&nbsp;Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent and ubiquitous in the canine populationand Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): a new virus that emerged in the late 1970'.&nbsp;Antigenic variants do naturally occur.  

Two canine viruses have been identified, these are:

 

*Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent and ubiquitous in the canine populationand  

*Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): a new virus that emerged in the late 1970's. Antigenic variants do naturally occur.  

== Pathogenesis ==

== Pathogenesis ==

Oropharyngeal infection is followed by '''viremia'''. Subsequently there are 2 distinct syndromes depending on the age of the animal:  

Oropharyngeal infection is followed by '''viremia'''. Subsequently there are two distinct syndromes depending on the age of the animal:  

#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks - the virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium leading to sudden death, or '''fading puppy''' syndrome. This is now rare due to widespread passive immunity.  

#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks - the virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium leading to sudden death, or '''fading puppy''' syndrome. This is now rare due to widespread passive immunity.  

#'''Enteritis''' in puppies &gt;6 weeks of age. The virus targets intestinal crypts, causing the villi to shorten and the destruction of cypt cells, leading to gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or [[Gastroenteritis, Haemorrhagic|hemorrhagic enteritis]]. CPV has a high morbidity but low mortality (10%) rate.<br>

#'''Enteritis''' in puppies 6 weeks of age. The virus targets intestinal crypts, causing the villi to shorten and the destruction of crypt cells, leading to gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or [[Gastroenteritis, Haemorrhagic|hemorrhagic enteritis]]. CPV has a high morbidity but low mortality (10%) rate.

== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

Often the clinical signs plus history, signalment and lack of vaccination is very indicative of the virus. [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination]] or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] to should be performed to confirm viral infection. Viral antigen can be detected in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test. [[Immunofluorescence]] and serology can also be used to diagnose this disease. <br>

Often the clinical signs plus history, signalment and lack of vaccination is very indicative of the virus. [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination]] or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] should be performed to confirm viral infection. Viral antigen can be detected in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test. [[Immunofluorescence]] and serology can also be used to diagnose this disease.  

== Treatment and Control ==

== Treatment and Control ==

In an outbreak, affected dogs need to be kept isolated. Supportive care needs to be given such as intravenous fluid therapy. Antibiotics are sometimes given to protect against or treat any seconday bacterial infections that may ensue. <br>

In an outbreak, affected dogs need to be kept isolated. Supportive care needs to be given such as intravenous [[:Category:Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]]. [[Antibiotics]] are sometimes given to protect against or treat any secondary bacterial infections that may ensue.  

Vaccination is widely avaliable and is recommended by all vets for puppies. The vaccine is given in combination with Distemper, Hepatitis and Parainfluenza viruses. First vaccine is given at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks. Earlier vaccinations can be given where breeders are known to have CPV on the premises.  

Vaccination is widely available and is recommended for puppies. The vaccine is given in combination with [[Distemper]], [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis|Hepatitis]] and [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Parainfluenza viruses]]. First vaccine is given at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks of age. Earlier vaccinations can be given where breeders are known to have CPV on the premises.  

== References<br> ==

== Literature Search ==

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company<br>Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier. <br>Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition) Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins. <br>

[[Image:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

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<br> Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation). <br><br><br> [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115250.pdf '''Canine parvovirus: an emerging, re-emerging, significant pathogen of dogs.''' Kapil, S.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 650-651, 3 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[[Image:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

 

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company

 

 

 

[[Category:Parvoviridae]] [[Category:Cardiovascular_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Dog_Viruses]] [[Category:Intestinal_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Parvoviridae]] [[Category:Cardiovascular_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Dog_Viruses]] [[Category:Intestinal_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Enteritis, Viral]][[Category:Expert_Review]]