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| | + | |pagetitle =Pericardial Pathology |
| | + | |pagebody = <div style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;"> |
| | The heart is invested in a pericardial sac with both visceral and parietal components. The visceral layer is closely adherent to the heart wall. The space within the pericardium is small and contains approximately 1-5ml serous fluid. This allows smooth movement of the heart within the pericardium during normal systole and diastole.<br> | | The heart is invested in a pericardial sac with both visceral and parietal components. The visceral layer is closely adherent to the heart wall. The space within the pericardium is small and contains approximately 1-5ml serous fluid. This allows smooth movement of the heart within the pericardium during normal systole and diastole.<br> |
| | The pericardial sac is thin, fibrous and inelastic so prevents and significant distension. This causes a constrictive effect when fluid accumulates within the sac. | | The pericardial sac is thin, fibrous and inelastic so prevents and significant distension. This causes a constrictive effect when fluid accumulates within the sac. |
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| | *Pericardial cysts. | | *Pericardial cysts. |
| | *Partial or complete absence of the paricardial sac. | | *Partial or complete absence of the paricardial sac. |
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| | + | |contenttitle =Content |
| | + | |contentbody =<big><b> |
| | + | <categorytree mode=pages>Pericardial Pathology</categorytree> |
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| − | | + | |logo =path-logo.png |
| − | ==Metabolic Pathology==
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| − | ===[[Serous Atrophy of Fat - Pathology|Serous atrophy of fat]]===
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| − | ===Epicardial mineralisation===
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| − | ===[[Urate Metabolism - Pathology|Urate deposition]]===
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| − | ===[[Hydropericardium]]===
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| − | ===[[Haemopericardium]]===
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| − | ===[[Haemorrhagic Effusion, Pericardial]]===
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| − | ==Inflammatory-Pericarditis==
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| − | Usually an infective aetiology. As with non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid the main complication is the restriction of ventricular movement. Clinical signs seen are therefore those of circulatory failure along with pyrexia and a general depression.
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| − | [[Image:Pericarditis-histo.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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| − | Spread of infectious agent may be:
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| − | *Haematogenous; following generalised infection. Most often seen in cattle and pigs.
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| − | *Extension of infection form surrounding tissues; for example from the lungs, pleura, mediastinum.
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| − | *Extension of infection from myocardium; rare.
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| − | *Traumatic penetration of the pericardium;
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| − | **Foreign bodies from the oesophagus or reticulum in cattle; [[Traumatic_Reticulitis|traumatic reticulo-peritonitis]].
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| − | **Fractured ribs; E.g. RTAs in small animals, horses etc.
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| − | Pericarditis can be subdivided into two main categories:
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| − | ===Fibrinous pericarditis=== | |
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| − | [[Image:Fibrinous pericarditis.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Fibrinous pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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| − | Most common form. Grey strands of fibrin cover the epicardium and little fluid accumulates. Close apposition of the parietal and visceral pericardium layers allows adhesion formation within approximatley 7-10 days. Such adhesions may resolve with little residual pathology or may become focal or diffuse adhesive pericarditis lesions.
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| − | Fibrinous pericarditis produces a crackiling sound on auscultation.
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| − | ===Suppurative pericarditis===
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| − | [[Image:traumatic pericarditis 2.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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| − | Purulent pericarditis indicates the presence of pyogenic organisms E.g. Staphs
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| − | Usually occurs in cattle as a result of traumatic penetration of the pericardial sac with a sharp metallic object or ''wire''. This is [[Traumatic_Reticulitis|Traumatic reticulo-peritonitis]]
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| − | Death usually occurs before organisation and a constrictive pericarditis can become apparent.
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| − | [[Image:traumatic reticulitis.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Traumatic pericarditis 4.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Traumatic pericarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
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| − | '''Sequalae of pericarditis:'''
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| − | *Resolution with no further clinical significance.
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| − | *Adhesion: organisation of fibrin. May lead to a ''bread and butter'' appearance.
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| − | *Constriction: gradual [[Cardiac Tamponade - Pathology|cardiac tamponade]] will occur.
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| | [[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]] | | [[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]] |
