Changes

Also Known As – '''''Cold water disease – Fin rot – Peduncle Disease'''''

Also Known As: '''''Fin Rot — Tail Rot — Peduncle Disease — CWD — Rainbow Trout Fry Mortality Syndrome'''''

Bacterium previously known as - ''Cytophaga psychrophila – Flexibacter psychrophilus''

Caused by: '''''Flavobacterium psychrophilum''''' previously known as: ''Cytophaga psychrophila — Flexibacter psychrophilus''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:CWD Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cold water Disease in an ayu (''Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis''). Wikimedia Commons]]

[[File:CWD Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cold water Disease in an ayu (''Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis''). Wikimedia Commons]]

 

''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is a '''gram negative rod shaped [[Bacteria|bacterial]] pathogen''', known for causing '''Cold Water Disease (CWD) in salmonid fish'''. The disease typically occurs at temperatures '''below 13⁰C''', and is most '''serious and prevalent below 10⁰C.'''

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a '''gram negative rod shaped [[Bacteria|bacterial]] pathogen''', known for causing '''Cold Water Disease (CWD) in salmonid fish'''. The disease typically occurs at temperatures '''below 13⁰''', and is most '''serious and prevalent below 10⁰C.'''

This disease is not zoonotic and poses no public health risk.

This disease is not zoonotic and poses no public health risk.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

CWD is common in any area where water temperatures are consistently below 15⁰C.

CWD is common in any area where water temperatures are consistently below 15⁰C. This includes '''North America, the UK, Europe and parts of Oceania.'''

This includes '''North America, the UK, Europe and parts of Oceania.'''

'''Asymptomatic carrier fish and contaminated water''' provide reservoirs for disease. Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' from these sources. '''Vertical transmission is also possible''', via ovarian fluid, milt, egg surfaces and mucus.<ref>Brown, L. L., Cox, W. T., Levine, R. P (1997) '''Evidence that the causal agent of bacterial cold-water disease Flavobacterium psychrophilum is transmitted within salmonid eggs.''' Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 29(3):213-218</ref> Eggs can also be experimentally contaminated and infected.

'''Asymptomatic carrier fish and contaminated water''' provide reservoirs for disease. Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' from these sources. '''Vertical transmission is also possible''', via ovarian fluid, milt, egg surfaces and mucus.<ref>Brown, L. L., Cox, W. T., Levine, R. P (1997) '''Evidence that the causal agent of bacterial cold-water disease ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'' is transmitted within salmonid eggs.''' ''Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,'' 29(3):213-218</ref> Eggs can also be experimentally contaminated and infected.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Most fishes worldwide are susceptible and the organism is '''ubiquitous.'''

Most fishes worldwide are susceptible and the organism is '''ubiquitous.'''

Cultured salmon species are the most frequently affected: '''brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, walleye, whitefish, carp, dace and suckers.'''

Cultured salmon species are the most frequently affected. Susceptible fish include: '''brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, walleye, whitefish, carp, dace and suckers.'''

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

'''Internal, systemic infection''' can also be a sequel of CWD.  

'''Internal, systemic infection''' can also be a sequel of CWD.  

In '''Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome''', acute disease is usual and '''mortality can approach 60%''' which is devastating in the commonly affected populations of tens of thousands of young fish. Shortly before death, fish are lethargic, have '''darkened skin, inappetance and demonstrate exopthalmos'''.  

In '''Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome''', acute disease is usual and '''mortality can approach 60%''' which is devastating in the commonly affected populations of tens of thousands of young fish. Shortly before death, fish are lethargic, have '''darkened skin, inappetance and demonstrate [[Exopthalmos - Fish|exopthalmos]]'''.  

Salmonid fish can also acquire a '''chronic form of CWD characterised by erratic “corkscrew” swimming, blackened tails and spinal deformities'''.<ref> Blazer, V., Stark, K., Starliper, C (1996) '''Unusual histologic manifestations of Flexibacter psychrophila in hatchery salmonids'''. In: 21st Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop. ''Gloucester Point, Virginia'', 5-6 September, 10</ref> This may follow recovery from typical CWD.

Salmonid fish can also acquire a '''chronic form of CWD characterised by erratic “corkscrew” swimming, blackened tails and spinal deformities'''.<ref> Blazer, V., Stark, K., Starliper, C (1996) '''Unusual histologic manifestations of ''Flexibacter psychrophila'' in hatchery salmonids'''. In: 21st Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop. ''Gloucester Point, Virginia'', 5-6 September, 10</ref> This may follow recovery from typical CWD.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

'''Quaternary ammonium compounds''' can be delivered in a static bah or flow through system for infected adult fish and fry.

'''Quaternary ammonium compounds''' can be delivered in a static bath or flow through system for infected adult fish and fry. '''Potassium permanganate''', copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide can be applied externally but they can be toxic at high concentrations.

'''Terramycin''' can be added to feed as an alternative for adults, fry and broodstock. This can also be used preventatively. Some resistance is emerging however.  

'''Terramycin''' can be added to feed as an alternative for adults, fry and broodstock. This can also be used preventively. Some resistance is emerging however.

==Control==

==Control==

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[Cold Water Disease Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Cold Water Disease Flashcards]]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Flavobacterium psychrophilum datasheet''', accessed 10/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Starliper, C.E. and Schill, W.B. 2011. '''Flavobacterial Diseases: Coldwater Disease, Columnaris Disease, and Bacterial Gill Diseases.''' In: '''Fish Diseases and Disorders Volume 3''': Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections, 2nd. Edition (eds. P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno), ''CABI'', Wallingford, UK,  pp. 606-631

 

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=87862 cold-water disease] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=82793&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Flavobacterium psychrophilum'']

 

 

 

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Cold Water Disease datasheet''', accessed 10/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:Fish Diseases]]

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