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Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 19:30, 27 October 2022
, 19:30, 27 October 2022no edit summary
===Trigeminal nerve (V)===
===Trigeminal nerve (V)===
The trigeminal nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of structures originating from branchial arches. The trigeminal nerve nuclei is in the area of the pons and medulla oblongata and is the nerve of the 1st branchial arch. In general terms the trigeminal represents the sensory nerve of the head but also provides motor fibres to structures also associated with the 1st branchial arch. There are three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve; the '''Opthalmic nerve (V1)''', the ''' Maxillary nerve (V2)''' and the '''Mandibular nerve (V3)'''.
The trigeminal nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of structures originating from branchial arches. The trigeminal nerve nuclei are in the area of the pons and medulla oblongata and it is the nerve of the 1st branchial arch. In general terms the trigeminal represents the sensory nerve of the head but also provides motor fibres to structures also associated with the 1st branchial arch. There are three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve; the '''Opthalmic nerve (V1)''', the ''' Maxillary nerve (V2)''' and the '''Mandibular nerve (V3)'''.
====Opthalmic nerve (V1)====
====Ophthalmic nerve (V1)====
The opthalmic nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres''' and passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''orbital fissue''']]. As it enters the orbit of the eye it splits further into the '''lacrimal nerve''', the '''frontal nerve''', the '''nasociliary nerve''' and the '''infratrochlear nerve'''. Therefore the nerve supplies sensory fibres to many aspects of the eye orbit.
The ophthalmic nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres''' and passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''orbital fissure''']]. As it enters the orbit of the eye it splits further into the '''lacrimal nerve''', the '''frontal nerve''', the '''nasociliary nerve''' and the '''infratrochlear nerve'''. Therefore the nerve supplies sensory fibres to many components of the orbit.
====Maxillary nerve (V2)====
====Maxillary nerve (V2)====
===Abducent nerve (VI)===
===Abducent nerve (VI)===
The abducent nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of the muscles of the head. The abducent nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and is a motor nerve. It is composed of '''general somatic efferent fibres''' which are responsible for controlling the 'lateral rectus' muscle and the 'restractor bulbi' muscle of the eye. The nerve passes through the '''orbital fissure''' and can be found within the same layer of the meninges as the opthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (V).
The abducent nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of the muscles of the head. The abducent nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and is a motor nerve. It is composed of '''general somatic efferent fibres''' which are responsible for controlling the 'lateral rectus' muscle and the 'retractor bulbi' muscle of the eye. The nerve passes through the '''orbital fissure''' and can be found within the same layer of the meninges as the opthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (V).
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During a clinical examination, medial deviation stribismus may indicate a problem with this nerve.
During a clinical examination, medial deviation strabismus may indicate a problem with this nerve.
===Facial nerve (VII)===
===Facial nerve (VII)===
| '''II - Optic'''
| '''II - Optic'''
| Optic chiasma
| Diencephalon (via optic chiasm)
| Optic canal
| Optic canal
| SSA
| SSA
|-
|-
| '''III - Occulomotor'''
| '''III - Oculomotor'''
| Midbrain
| Midbrain
| Orbital fissure and Round Foramen
| Orbital fissure
| GSE + GVE
| GSE + GVE
| Nuculi III
| Oculomotor motor nucleus
Parasympathetic nucleus of oculomotor nerve
| Extraoccular mm.
| Extraoccular mm.
Constrictor pupulli
Constrictor pupilli
|-
|-
| '''IV - Trochlear'''
| '''IV - Trochlear'''
| Midbrain (dorsal)
| Midbrain (dorsal)
| Round Foramen
| Orbital fissure
| GSE
| GSE
| Nuc IV
| Trochlear nucleus
| Dorsal oblique mm.
| Dorsal oblique mm.
|-
|-
| Pons
| Pons
| V1 - Orbital fissure
| V1 - Orbital fissure
V2 - Round Foramen and Orbital Fissure
V2 - Round Foramen/Rostral alar foramen
V3 - Oval Foramen
V3 - Oval Foramen
V3 - GSA & GSE
V3 - GSA & GSE
| V1 - Trigeminal gangion
| V1 - Trigeminal gangion (GSA)
V2 - Trigeminal ganglion
V2 - Trigeminal ganglion (GSA)
V3 - Nuculi V
V3 - Trigeminal ganglion (GSA), Geniculate ganglion (SVA), Trigeminal motor nucleus (motor)
| V1 - Eye region
| V1 - Eye region
V2 - Upper jaw inc. teeth
V2 - Upper jaw inc. teeth
V3 - mm. of arch 1
V3 - mm. of arch 1, lower jaw, rostral 2/3 tongue
|-
|-
| Orbital fissure
| Orbital fissure
| GSE
| GSE
| Nuc IV
| Abducent nucleus
| Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm.
| Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm.
|-
|-
| '''VII - Facial'''
| '''VII - Facial'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Medulla oblongata
| Stylomastoid foramen
| Internal acoustic meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen
| SVA + GVE + GSE
| SVA + GVE + GSE + GSA
| Nuc III
| Facial motor nucleus
Geniculate ganglion
| mm. of arch 2
| mm. of arch 2
Submaxillary and sublingual glands
Submaxillary and sublingual glands
Rostral 2/3 taste
Rostral 2/3 tongue
|-
|-
| '''VIII - Vestibulocochlear'''
| '''VIII - Vestibulocochlear'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Medulla oblongata
| Inner accoustic meatus
| Internal acoustic meatus
| SSA
| SSA
| Vestibular ganglion
| Vestibular ganglion, spiral ganglion
| Maculae and cristae
| Maculae and cristae
|-
|-
| '''IX - Glossopharyngeal'''
| '''IX - Glossopharyngeal'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| Jugular foramen/tympanooccipital fissure
| GSE GVA GVE GSA SVA
| GSE GVA GVE GSA SVA
| Ganglia IX - SVM
| Glossopharyngeal ganglion
Glossopharyngeal parasympathetic nucleus, nucleus ambiguus - mm. arch 3
| Carotid gland
| Carotid gland
Caudal 1/3 taste
Caudal 1/3 tongue
mm. of arch 3
mm. of arch 3
| '''X - Vagus'''
| '''X - Vagus'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| Jugular foramen/tympanooccipital fissure
| GSE GVA GVE SVA GSA
| GSE GVA GVE SVA GSA
| Ganglion X - (amongst others)
| Vagal ganglion - (amongst others)
Vagal parasympathetic nucleus, nucleus ambiguus
| Thoracic and abdominal organs
| Thoracic and abdominal organs
mm. of arches 4-6
mm. of arches 4-6
| '''XI - Accessory'''
| '''XI - Accessory'''
| Medulla oblongata
| Medulla oblongata
| Jugular foramen
| Jugular foramen/tympanooccipital fissure
| GSE
| GSE
| Cervical spinal cord
| Nucleus ambiguus, accessory motor nucleus (cervical spinal cord)
| Trapezius m. etc
| Trapezius m. etc
|-
|-
| Hypoglossal canal
| Hypoglossal canal
| GSE
| GSE
| Medulla nuculi XII
| Hypoglossal nucleus
| Tongue mm.
| Tongue mm.
|-
|-
}}
}}
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[[Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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