Changes

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

*Cyclophyllidean tapeworms have four circular suckers around the scolex. Some species also have hooks on the suckers, and these species are said to be ‘armed’. They also consist of a short unsegmented neck and a chain of segments.

*Cyclophyllidean tapeworms have four circular suckers around the scolex. Some species also have hooks on the suckers, and these species are said to be ‘armed’. They also consist of a short unsegmented neck and a chain of segments.

== Life-Cycle ==

== Life-Cycle ==

Indirect with one or more intermediate hosts. When the egg is ingested by the intermediate host, the gastric and intestinal secretions digest the thick shell and activate the 6-hooked oncosphere. Using its hooks, it tears through the mucosa of the host to reach the blood or lymph system, or in the case of invertebrates, the body cavity. Once it has reached its predilection site, the oncosphere loses its hooks and develops, depending on the species, into one of the following larval stages, known as a metacestode. There are six types of metacestode (in increasing order of complexity:

Indirect with one or more intermediate hosts. When the egg is ingested by the intermediate host, the gastric and intestinal secretions digest the thick shell and activate the 6-hooked oncosphere. Using its hooks, it tears through the mucosa of the host to reach the blood or lymph system, or in the case of invertebrates, the body cavity. Once it has reached its predilection site, the oncosphere loses its hooks and develops, depending on the species, into one of the following larval stages, known as a metacestode. There are six types of metacestode (in increasing order of complexity:

1) Cysticercus: a fluid-filled bladder with one inverted scolex

1) Cysticercus: a fluid-filled bladder with one inverted scolex

2) Cysticercoid: pinhead size; only found in invertebrates; like the cysticercus, but the bladder is reduced to a potential space and the scolex is not inverted

2) Cysticercoid: pinhead size; only found in invertebrates; like the cysticercus, but the bladder is reduced to a potential space and the scolex is not inverted

3) Strobilocercus: restricted to the cat tapeworm Taenia taeniaeformis; like a cysticercus, but the single scolex is attached to the bladder by a chain of segments

3) Strobilocercus: restricted to the cat tapeworm Taenia taeniaeformis; like a cysticercus, but the single scolex is attached to the bladder by a chain of segments

4) Coenurus: like a cysticercus, but has multiple inverted scolices

4) Coenurus: like a cysticercus, but has multiple inverted scolices

5) Hydatid cyst: the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus; this fluid-filled bladder can grow to the size of a football; it is lined with germinal epithelium that buds off brood capsules internally; inverted scolices form inside these; hydatid sand is the name given to the brood capsules and scolices in the hydatid fluid; the host attempts to wall off the hydatid cyst with fibrous tissue; between this and the germinal membrane is an amorphous layer

5) Hydatid cyst: the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus; this fluid-filled bladder can grow to the size of a football; it is lined with germinal epithelium that buds off brood capsules internally; inverted scolices form inside these; hydatid sand is the name given to the brood capsules and scolices in the hydatid fluid; the host attempts to wall off the hydatid cyst with fibrous tissue; between this and the germinal membrane is an amorphous layer

6) Alveolar cyst: the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis; this is like the hydatid cyst, but daughter cysts bud off the external, as well as the internal, surface of the germinal layer, with the result that the metacestode expands by infiltrating through the tissue, rather like a tumour.

6) Alveolar cyst: the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis; this is like the hydatid cyst, but daughter cysts bud off the external, as well as the internal, surface of the germinal layer, with the result that the metacestode expands by infiltrating through the tissue, rather like a tumour.

Infection of the final-host involves at least three epidemiological relationships:

Infection of the final-host involves at least three epidemiological relationships:

1) predator-prey, e.g. cat eating infected mouse

1) predator-prey, e.g. cat eating infected mouse

2) accidental, e.g. horse eating infected pasture mites

2) accidental, e.g. horse eating infected pasture mites

3) irritation, e.g. infected flea on animal = exaggerated grooming of animal = swallowed

3) irritation, e.g. infected flea on animal = exaggerated grooming of animal = swallowed