495
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Bacterial toxic shock
Cytokines primarily produced by '''macrophages''':
Cytokines primarily produced by '''macrophages''':
*GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor)- stimulates growth and differentiation of granulocytes, macrophages, [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and eosinophils
*GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor)- stimulates growth and differentiation of granulocytes, macrophages, [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and eosinophils
*IL-1 - stimulates TH<sub>2</sub> cells and acute phase response
*IL-1 - stimulates T<sub>H</sub>2 cells and acute phase response
*IL-6 - stimulates growth and differentiation of B and T cells and acute phase response
*IL-6 - stimulates growth and differentiation of B and T cells and acute phase response
*IL-12 - stimulates TH<sub>1</sub> cells
*IL-12 - stimulates T<sub>H</sub>1 cells
*IL-18 - stimulates IFN-gamma production by T cells and NK cells, favours Th1 response
*IL-18 - stimulates IFN-gamma production by T cells and NK cells, favours Th1 response
*TNF-α - stimulates local inflammation and endothelial activation
*TNF-α - stimulates local inflammation and endothelial activation
Cytokines primarily produced by '''TH<sub>1</sub> cells''':
Cytokines primarily produced by '''T<sub>H</sub>1 cells''':
*IL-2 - stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells, activates NK cells and macrophages
*IL-2 - stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells, activates NK cells and macrophages
*IFN-γ - activates macrophages, increases expression of MHC I and II molecules, increases antigen presentation
*IFN-γ - activates macrophages, increases expression of MHC I and II molecules, increases antigen presentation
*TNF-β - stimlulates killing mechanisms in T and B cells and endothelial activation
*TNF-β - stimlulates killing mechanisms in T and B cells and endothelial activation
Cytokines primarily produced by '''TH<sub>2</sub> cells''':
Cytokines primarily produced by '''T<sub>H</sub>2 cells''':
*IL-4 - activates B cells and [[IgE]] switch, supresses Th1 cells
*IL-4 - activates B cells and [[IgE]] switch, supresses T<sub>H</sub>1 cells
*IL-5 - stimulates eosinophil growth and differentiation
*IL-5 - stimulates eosinophil growth and differentiation
*IL-10 - suppresses macrophage functions
*IL-10 - suppresses macrophage functions
Although [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] produce a lower amount of cytokines per cell than other immune cell types, they are often the first and most common cell type present at sites of infection. This makes them a physiologically important source of cytokines, such as IL-12.
Although [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] produce a lower amount of cytokines per cell than other immune cell types, they are often the first and most common cell type present at sites of infection. This makes them a physiologically important source of cytokines, such as IL-12. [[Eosinophils|Eosinophils]] and [[Mast Cells|Mast cells]] also produce a number of cytokines that are important in the immunology of [[Immunity to Parasites|parasites]] and the pathology of allergic reactions.
==Chemokines==
==Chemokines==
*Lymphoid trafficking
*Lymphoid trafficking
*Wound healing
*Wound healing
*TH<sub>1</sub>/TH<sub>2</sub> development
*T<sub>H</sub>1/T<sub>H</sub>2/T<sub>H</sub>17 development
*Angiogenesis/angiostasis
*Angiogenesis/angiostasis
*Lymphoid organ development
*Lymphoid organ development
*''S. aureus''- produces enterotoxins and toxic-shock syndrome toxin
*''S. aureus''- produces enterotoxins and toxic-shock syndrome toxin
*''M. arthritidis''
*''M. arthritidis''
The large number of T cells activated by such toxins (between 5-25% of all T cells, compared to less than 0.01% activated towards conventional antigens) means an excessive amount of cytokines produced, such as IL-1 and TNF. These elevated amounts cause the same systemic reactions as seen in bacterial septic shock.
*''S. pyogenes''
The large number of T cells activated by such toxins (between 5-25% of all T cells, compared to less than 0.01% activated towards conventional antigens) means an excessive amount of cytokines produced, such as IL-1 and TNF. These elevated amounts cause the same systemic reactions as seen in bacterial septic shock.
===Lymphoid and myeloid cancers===
===Lymphoid and myeloid cancers===
The excessive production of cytokines has been linked to some types of cancer, e.g. IL-6 has been shown to be secreted by myeloma cells, plasmacytoma cells and cervical and bladder cancer cells. IL-6 is known to act in an autocrine manner to stimulate cell proliferation.
The excessive production of cytokines has been linked to some types of cancer, e.g. IL-6 has been shown to be secreted by myeloma cells, plasmacytoma cells and cervical and bladder cancer cells. IL-6 is known to act in an autocrine manner to stimulate cell proliferation.