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| *IL-5 - stimulates eosinophil growth and differentiation | | *IL-5 - stimulates eosinophil growth and differentiation |
| *IL-10 - suppresses macrophage functions | | *IL-10 - suppresses macrophage functions |
− | Although [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] produce a lower amount of cytokines per cell than other immune cell types, they are often the first and most common cell type present at sites of infection. This makes them a physiologically important source of cytokines, such as IL-12. | + | Although [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] produce a lower amount of cytokines per cell than other immune cell types, they are often the first and most common cell type present at sites of infection. This makes them a physiologically important source of cytokines, such as IL-12. [[Eosinophils|Eosinophils]] and [[Mast Cells|Mast cells]] also produce a number of cytokines that are important in the immunology of [[Immunity to Parasites|parasites]] and the pathology of allergic reactions. |
| | | |
| ==Chemokines== | | ==Chemokines== |
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| *Lymphoid trafficking | | *Lymphoid trafficking |
| *Wound healing | | *Wound healing |
− | *TH<sub>1</sub>/TH<sub>2</sub> development | + | *T<sub>H</sub>1/T<sub>H</sub>2/T<sub>H</sub>17 development |
| *Angiogenesis/angiostasis | | *Angiogenesis/angiostasis |
| *Lymphoid organ development | | *Lymphoid organ development |
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| *''S. aureus''- produces enterotoxins and toxic-shock syndrome toxin | | *''S. aureus''- produces enterotoxins and toxic-shock syndrome toxin |
| *''M. arthritidis'' | | *''M. arthritidis'' |
− | The large number of T cells activated by such toxins (between 5-25% of all T cells, compared to less than 0.01% activated towards conventional antigens) means an excessive amount of cytokines produced, such as IL-1 and TNF. These elevated amounts cause the same systemic reactions as seen in bacterial septic shock. | + | *''S. pyogenes'' |
| + | The large number of T cells activated by such toxins (between 5-25% of all T cells, compared to less than 0.01% activated towards conventional antigens) means an excessive amount of cytokines produced, such as IL-1 and TNF. These elevated amounts cause the same systemic reactions as seen in bacterial septic shock. |
| + | |
| ===Lymphoid and myeloid cancers=== | | ===Lymphoid and myeloid cancers=== |
| The excessive production of cytokines has been linked to some types of cancer, e.g. IL-6 has been shown to be secreted by myeloma cells, plasmacytoma cells and cervical and bladder cancer cells. IL-6 is known to act in an autocrine manner to stimulate cell proliferation. | | The excessive production of cytokines has been linked to some types of cancer, e.g. IL-6 has been shown to be secreted by myeloma cells, plasmacytoma cells and cervical and bladder cancer cells. IL-6 is known to act in an autocrine manner to stimulate cell proliferation. |