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The chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines, all related in terms of sequence and gene structure. The family is also known as the 'small cytokine' family (scy) or the intercrines. All have a relatively small molecular weight of ~5-10kDa and can be divided in one of two groups based on the position of the cystein residues (important for the tertiary structure):
 
The chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines, all related in terms of sequence and gene structure. The family is also known as the 'small cytokine' family (scy) or the intercrines. All have a relatively small molecular weight of ~5-10kDa and can be divided in one of two groups based on the position of the cystein residues (important for the tertiary structure):
 
*C-C subgroup- cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. Important members include:
 
*C-C subgroup- cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. Important members include:
**Interleukin 8
+
**MIP1α - Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 α (CCL3)
**MGSA- melanoma growth stimulatory activity
+
**RANTES - Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (CCL5)
**PF4- platelet factor 4
  −
**βTG- β-thromboglobulin
   
*C-X-C subgroup- residues are separated by another amino acid. Important members include:
 
*C-X-C subgroup- residues are separated by another amino acid. Important members include:
**MCAF- macrophage chemotactic and activating factor
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**MCAF - macrophage chemotactic and activating factor (
**RANTES
   
**LD-8
 
**LD-8
 
**ACT-2
 
**ACT-2
 +
**Interleukin 8 (CXCL8)
 +
**MGSA - melanoma growth stimulatory activity
 +
**PAF4 - platelet activating factor 4
 +
**βTG - β-thromboglobulin (CXCL7)
 
Chemokines are released by many cell types, and are present in the earliest phase of infection, with actions including the following:
 
Chemokines are released by many cell types, and are present in the earliest phase of infection, with actions including the following:
 
*Lymphoid trafficking
 
*Lymphoid trafficking
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*Inflammation
 
*Inflammation
 
*Cell recruitment
 
*Cell recruitment
 +
 
==Cytokines in pathology==
 
==Cytokines in pathology==
 
===Bacterial septic shock===
 
===Bacterial septic shock===
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