'''Ultrasonic scalers''' are the most commonly used scaler in veterinary practice. The tip oscillates at ultrasonic frequencies (25kHz, 30kHz or sometimes slightly higher). They are driven by an electric micromotor. The tip vibration is generated either by a magnetostrictive mechanism, or by a piezoelectric mechanism in the handpiece. In magnetostrictive–type scalers, the mechanism is an electric coil around a stack of laminated ferromagnetic strips or a ferrite rod. The tip vibrates in an elliptical path. Piezo-elecetric-type scalers use a piezo-electric crystal system with piezoceramic discs that vibrate on a titanium shaft when a high frequency electric current is applied. The tip vibrates only in a linear direction. Metal vibrating at a high frequency generates heat so the tip needs to be cooled to prevent thermal damage to the teeth and soft tissues. The ultrasonic oscillation of the tip also causes cavitation of the water coolant. Cavitation is the production of microscopic bubbles which implode, realeasing energy. This helps disrupt the calculus on the surface of the tooth and has also been thought to have an antibacterial action especially on [[:Category:Anaerobic bacteria|anaerobic bacteria]]. Ultrasonic scalers are generally designed for supragingival use, but tips designed for subgingival scaling are available.<br><br> | '''Ultrasonic scalers''' are the most commonly used scaler in veterinary practice. The tip oscillates at ultrasonic frequencies (25kHz, 30kHz or sometimes slightly higher). They are driven by an electric micromotor. The tip vibration is generated either by a magnetostrictive mechanism, or by a piezoelectric mechanism in the handpiece. In magnetostrictive–type scalers, the mechanism is an electric coil around a stack of laminated ferromagnetic strips or a ferrite rod. The tip vibrates in an elliptical path. Piezo-elecetric-type scalers use a piezo-electric crystal system with piezoceramic discs that vibrate on a titanium shaft when a high frequency electric current is applied. The tip vibrates only in a linear direction. Metal vibrating at a high frequency generates heat so the tip needs to be cooled to prevent thermal damage to the teeth and soft tissues. The ultrasonic oscillation of the tip also causes cavitation of the water coolant. Cavitation is the production of microscopic bubbles which implode, realeasing energy. This helps disrupt the calculus on the surface of the tooth and has also been thought to have an antibacterial action especially on [[:Category:Anaerobic bacteria|anaerobic bacteria]]. Ultrasonic scalers are generally designed for supragingival use, but tips designed for subgingival scaling are available.<br><br> |