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Dermatophilosis (view source)

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Also known as: '''''Cutaneous streptothrichosis'''
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==Introduction==
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This is a group of diseases affecting the epidermis caused by  [[Dermatophilus congolensis|''Dermatophilus congolensis'']]. It causes a range of conditions in large animals including rain scald in horses and strawberry foot rot in sheep. The disease is associated with skin trauma, prolonged wetting or [[:Category:Integumentary System - Parasitic Infections| parasites]]. Lesions typically involve exudative dermatitis with scab formation. It is a zoonosis affecting humans in close contact with infected animals.
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==Description==
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A group of diseases affecting the epidermis caused by  [[Dermatophilus congolensis|dermatophilus congolensis]] . Causes a range of conditions in large animals including rain scald in horses and strawberry foot rot in sheep. Lesions typically involve exudative dermatitis with scab formation. Is a zoonosis and affects humans in close contact with infected animals.
   
==Signalment==
 
==Signalment==
 
Can be seen in animals of all ages but most commonly occurs in young animals who are chronically exposed to moisture.
 
Can be seen in animals of all ages but most commonly occurs in young animals who are chronically exposed to moisture.
 
Affects horses, sheep, cattle, goats, pigs and rarely dogs and cats.
 
Affects horses, sheep, cattle, goats, pigs and rarely dogs and cats.
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==History and Clinical signs==
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Lesions commonly occur following heavy rainfall and commonly affects the dorsum of animals. Any previous trauma or damage to the skin can predispose to infection. Blood-sucking insects are also thought to be involved in transmission.
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<big>'''[[Dermatophilosis - Horse|Equine dermatophilosis]]
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'''[[Dermatophilosis - Sheep|Ovine dermatophilosis]]
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'''[[Dermatophilosis - Cattle|Bovine dermatophilosis]]
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</big>
    
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
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Can often make a diagnosis on history and physical exam. Impression smears can also be useful when stained with either gram stain or Giemsa and examined microscopically.
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Diagnosis can often be made on history and physical exam. '''Impression smears''' can also be useful when stained with either gram stain or Giemsa and examined microscopically.
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Additionally it is possible to culture material from the crusts however this can be difficult due to the slow- growing nature of the pathogen.
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Additionally it is possible to '''culture material from the crusts''' however this can be difficult due to the slow growing nature of the pathogen.
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==History and Clinical signs==
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==Pathology==
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Lesions commonly occur followng heavy rainfall and commonly affects the dorsum of animals. Any previous trauma or damage to the skin can predispose to infection. Blood-sucking insects are also thought to be involved in transmission.
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Grossly:
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Papules, pustules, crusts may coalesce and mat the coat.
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Equine dermatophilosis
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Microscopically:
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Three clinical syndromes have been documented: rain scald, Mud fever and grease heel.
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*Hyperplastic superficial perivascular dermatitis
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Typically  hair becomes matted and focal lesions develop into crusts and thick scabs covered by layers of yellow-green pus. When scabs are removed the hair is taken with them and alopecia results. Rain scald commonly affects the dorsum, shoulders and neck. It can however extend to lower portions of the body and abdomen. It typically begins as small rough raised bumps and can go un-noticed in0 long haired regions. Mud fever looks similar to rain scald but affects the pasterns and distal limbs. White legs and white- skinned areas are most commonly affected. Grease heel
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*Multilaminated crusts, alternating keratin and inflammatory cell layers
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Prolonged wetting of inected areas can lead to secondary bacterial infection which can result in limb oedema and cellulitis.
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==Prognosis==
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Good if animals are kept dry. Often re-occurs in wet weather.
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Persistent wetting of pasterns in wet yards, stables, or at pasture leads to lower limb infection; white legs and the white-skinned areas of the lips and nose are more severely affected.
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{{Learning
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=2&options2=OR&q2=dermatophilosis&occuring2=title&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=39&y=14 Dermatophilosis publications since 2000]
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}}
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**Papules, serous, exudative matting of hair, raised crusty scabs
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==References==
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**Scab formation more prominent in sheep and cattle than in horses
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Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition) ''Merial''  
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**Lesions may resolve within weeks if dry weather, or may progress
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*'''Treatment''':
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**Parenteral antibiotics e.g oxytetracycline, pr penicillin-streptomycin combinations
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4th year Veterinary Dermatology notes. Royal Veterinary college. October-November 2008. p60-64.
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[[Image: Dermatophilosis in cow.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small><center>Dermatophilosis in a cow (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)</center></small>]]
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*Caused by [[Dermatophilus congolensis|''Dermatophilus congolensis'']]
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{{review}}
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*Affects cattle, horses, sheep mainly
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*More common in wet and warm weather
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*Transmotted from animal to animal
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*Lesions tend to form on dorsal back and extremities
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*Associated with skin trauma, prolonged wetting or [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Parasitic| parasites]]
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** -> penetration of zoospores
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*Bacteria proliferate in outer sheath of hair follicles and superficial epidermis
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*Gram-positive, filamentous branching organisms, subdivided longitudinally and transversly
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*Causing:
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**Acute inflammatory response -> neutrophil migration through dermis and epidermis -> formation of microabscesses
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**Further penetration of bacteria is thus prevented
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**Regenerated epidermis is invaded again by remaining organisms
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**Repeated reinfection -> multilaminated pustular crusts
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*Grossly:
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**[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Papules, pustules, crusts]] may coalesce and mat the coat
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*Microscopically:
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**Hyperplastic superficial perivascular dermatitis
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**Multilaminated crusts, alternating keratin and inflammatory cell layers
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[[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Horse]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]
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{{OpenPages}}
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[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Goat]][[Category:Zoonoses]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Cat]]
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[[Category:Expert Review]]
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[[Category:Integumentary System - Bacterial Infections]]
Bara
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