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Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses (view source)
Revision as of 16:12, 7 February 2011
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==Clinical signs and locations of sinonasal pathology==
==Clinical signs and locations of sinonasal pathology==
===Nasal discharge===
===Nasal discharge===
***Fungal infection
***Fungal infection
*Unilateral discharge:
*Unilateral discharge:
**Lesion is cranial to nasal septum eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttaral pouch lesion in horses
**Lesion is cranial to nasal septum eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttaral pouch lesion in horses.
===Type of discharge===
===Type of discharge===
**Bordered by glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves; sympathetic trunk; internal and external carotid arteries
**Bordered by glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves; sympathetic trunk; internal and external carotid arteries
*Pathology
*Pathology
**Mycotic infections eg: Aspergillus fumigatus
**Mycotic infections eg: ''Aspergillus fumigatus''
***Bacterial infections eg: Streptococcus equi var. equi ('Strangles') or S.equi var zooepidemicus
***Bacterial infections eg: ''Streptococcus equi var. equi'' ('Strangles') or ''S.equi var zooepidemicus''
**Tympany - associated with dysfunction of the pharyngotubal opening resulting from thickening (oedema, inflammation) or obstruction by a mucosal fold (eg: foals)
**Tympany - associated with dysfunction of the pharyngotubal opening resulting from thickening (oedema, inflammation) or obstruction by a mucosal fold (eg: foals)
*Prevents dessication of the mucosal epithelium
*Prevents dessication of the mucosal epithelium
*Contains antimicrobial substances
*Contains antimicrobial substances
*Immunoglobulin - IgA
*Immunoglobulin - [[IgA]]
**IgA produced by mucosal plasma cells
**[[IgA]] produced by mucosal plasma cells
**IgA can attach to specific pathogen antigens (viruses, bacteria) trapping them in the mucus for clearance
**[[IgA]] can attach to specific pathogen antigens (viruses, bacteria) trapping them in the mucus for clearance
*Lysosyme
*Lysosyme
**Direct action on bacterial cell walls
**Direct action on bacterial cell walls
===Inflammatory disease===
===Inflammatory disease===
[[Image:URT_mucosal_insult_flow_chart_-_for_resp_lectures.jpg]]
[[Image:URT_mucosal_insult_flow_chart_-_for_resp_lectures.jpg|thumb|center]]
*Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:
*Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:
**Location
**Location
***Pharynx - pharyngitis
***Pharynx - pharyngitis
**Type
**Type
***Grossly many inflammatory processes (eg: response to viral or bacterial infection) in the URT will begin as a serous discharge, and then progress to a catarrhal exudate, and then to purulent/pseudomembranous/haemorrhagic as neutrophils are recruited
***Grossly many inflammatory processes (eg: response to viral or bacterial infection) in the URT will begin as a serous discharge, and then progress to a catarrhal exudate, and then to purulent/pseudomembranous/haemorrhagic as [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] are recruited
***Serous - transparent fluid exudate (acute inflammation)
***Serous - transparent fluid exudate (acute inflammation)
***Catarrhal - mucous exudation (acute to subacute inflammation)
***Catarrhal - mucous exudation (acute to subacute inflammation)
**Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
**Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
**Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
**Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation
*Cytomegaloviruses
*Cytomegaloviruses
**Porcine cytomegalovirus
**Porcine cytomegalovirus
====Bacterial infections====
====Bacterial infections====
*Pasturella multocida
*''Pasturella multocida''
**Atrophic rhinitis in pigs
**Atrophic rhinitis in pigs
**Pigs aged 4-12 weeks old show clinical signs
**Pigs aged 4-12 weeks old show clinical signs
**2 forms of the disease
**2 forms of the disease
***'Progressive' atrophic rhinitis
***'Progressive' atrophic rhinitis
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. P.multocida adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with B.bronchoseptica; or Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. ''P.multocida'' adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with ''B.bronchiseptica''; or Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)
****Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
****Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
***'Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis
***'Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by Bordatella bronchoseptica strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by ''Bordatella bronchiseptica'' strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
****Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
****Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
**'Snuffles' in rabbits
**'Snuffles' in rabbits
****Most often P.multocida and/or B.bronchoseptica infection of the nasal mucosa
****Most often ''P.multocida'' and/or ''B.bronchiseptica'' infection of the nasal mucosa
****Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic rhinitis.
****Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic rhinitis.
*Streptococcus equi
[[:Category:RVC]], [[:Category:R(D)SVS]], [[:Category:CUVS]], [[:Category:PG]],
**Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
*''Streptococcus equi''
**''Streptococcus equi subsp. equi''
[[Image:Purulent_nasal_discharge_horse.jpg]]
***Cause of 'Strangles' in horses
***Cause of 'Strangles' in horses
***Infection with Streptococcus equi occurs after contact with contaminated feed, water bowls or an infected carrier horse
***Infection with ''Streptococcus equi'' occurs after contact with contaminated feed, water bowls or an infected carrier horse
***Organism remains viable in environment for months
***Organism remains viable in environment for months
***Possibility of other sources of infection - in pharynx of in-contact dogs?
***Possibility of other sources of infection - in pharynx of in-contact dogs?
***Regional suppurative lymphadenitis - can rupture onto skin of neck
***Regional suppurative lymphadenitis - can rupture onto skin of neck
***Bacteraemia with abscess formation in other organs (eg: liver, kidneys) - Bastard Strangles!
***Bacteraemia with abscess formation in other organs (eg: liver, kidneys) - Bastard Strangles!
**Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
**''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus''
***Can infect the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, trachea and bronchi/bronchioles)
***Can infect the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, trachea and bronchi/bronchioles)
***URT infection can be indistinguishable clinically from Strangles, but does not cause suppurative lymphadenitis (cf: S.equi subsp. equi)
***URT infection can be indistinguishable clinically from Strangles, but does not cause suppurative lymphadenitis (cf: ''S.equi subsp. equi'')
====Fungal infections====
====Fungal infections====
*Filamentous fungal organisms
*Filamentous fungal organisms
**''Aspergillus fumigatus''
**'' [[Aspergillus spp.|Aspergillus]] fumigatus''
***Guttural pouch infections in horses - fungal plaques form on the adventitia of the carotid arteries can lead to catastrophic haemorrhage following erosion of carotid arteries!
***Guttural pouch infections in horses - fungal plaques form on the adventitia of the carotid arteries can lead to catastrophic haemorrhage following erosion of carotid arteries!
***Nasal infection in dogs and cats - plaques develop on the nasal or paranasal sinus epithelium. Result in severe neutrophilic rhinitis/sinusitis. Can occur secondary to areas of mucosal compromise eg: adjacent to a space-occupying lesion.
***Nasal infection in dogs and cats - plaques develop on the nasal or paranasal sinus epithelium. Result in severe neutrophilic rhinitis/sinusitis. Can occur secondary to areas of mucosal compromise eg: adjacent to a space-occupying lesion.
====Parasitic infections ====
====Parasitic infections ====
*Oestrus ovis larvae in the nasal cavity of sheep and goats = Nasal bots
*''Oestrus ovis'' larvae in the nasal cavity of sheep and goats = Nasal bots
==Test yourself with the Respiratory System Pathology Flashcards==
[[Respiratory_System_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Respiratory System Pathology Flashcards]]
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