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Duck Hepatitis Virus (view source)

Revision as of 13:31, 17 August 2012

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{{Podcasts
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|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/duck-hepatitis-virus}}
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
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|name              = DHV-II
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|order              = RNA viruses
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|sub-order          =
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|super-family      =
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|family            = [[:Category:Astroviridae|Astroviridae]]
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|sub-family        =
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|genus              = Astrovirus
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|species            = DHV-II
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{{Taxobox
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|name              = DHV-1 and DHV-III
 
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|kingdom            =
 
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|family            = Picornaviridae
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|family            = [[:Category:Picornaviridae|Picornaviridae]]
 
|sub-family        =
 
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|genus              = Enterovirus
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|genus              = [[:Category:Enteroviruses|Enterovirus]]
 
|species            = Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III
 
|species            = Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III
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Also Known As: '''''Duck Viral Hepatitis''''' — '''''DVH''''' — '''''DH'''''
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Caused By: '''''Duck Hepatitis Virus 1 and 3'' — ''DHV-1'' — ''DHV-3''
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==Introduction==
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Duck hepatitis is caused by the [[:Category:Enteroviruses|'''enteroviruses''']] DHV-1 and DHV-3.
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It is a '''highly fatal''' disease of ducklings causing very high '''mortality''', '''opisthotonus''' and '''hepatitis'''.
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==Signalment==
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Ducks are the only species naturally affected.
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DHV-1 occurs only in '''young ducklings''', usually '''<6 weeks''' of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the '''most virulent''' of the three.
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DHV-2, an astrovirus (duck astrovirus 1), not an enterovirus, has only been reported in outdoor ducks on open fields.
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Duck Hepatitis is not considered zoonotic.
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==Distribution==
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DHV-1 is present worldwide.
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DHV-2 has only been reported in Norfolk, England and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.
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DHV-3 has only been reported in the USA.
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==Clinical Signs==
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'''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
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DHV-1 infection is most virulent. Morbidity is 100%, with mortality <95% up to one week of age, <50% for 1-3 weeks of age and negligible thereafter. Death usually occurs within 1-2 hours of clinical signs.
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Mortality rates are lower in DHV-2 infections, reaching only 20%.
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==Diagnosis==
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On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.
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Splenic and [[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidney]] swelling may also be evident. Cutaneous haemorrhage is often noted.
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On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.
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'''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions can be used for confirmation of all DHVs using embryonated duck eggs, chicken eggs and tissue culture.
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'''Direct [[immunofluorescence]]''' can also confirm presence of DHV-1.
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'''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
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==Treatment==
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No treatment is effective once infected.
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==Control==
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'''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-1'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
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DHV-1 can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.
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The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
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Duck Hepatitis is a '''Class B''' disease listed by the ''Office des International Epizooties'' and thus any ducks '''exported''' require an international veterinary '''certificate''' that they are from a DVH free establishment and are not exhibiting clinical signs of DH. Vaccination status must also be disclosed.
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{{Learning
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Duck+Hepatitis+Virus%29/ DHV Publications]
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|flashcards = [[Duck Hepatitis Virus Flashcards]]
 
}}
 
}}
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==References==
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Gough R.E. and McNulty, M.S. (2007) '''Picornaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 350-359
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Woolcock, P.R. (2008) '''Duck Hepatitis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 373-384
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{{CABI source
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|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=84184&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160  duck hepatitis], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84185 duck hepatitis virus] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84186  duck hepatitis virus type II]
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|date =5 June 2011
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}}
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<br><br>
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{{Dave Cavanagh
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|date = 23 August 2011
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}}
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{{OpenPages}}
   −
[[Category:To Do - Steph]]
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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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[[Category:Enteroviruses]]
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[[Category:Astroviridae]]
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[[Category:Avian Viruses]]
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[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
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[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
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